二、文化反恐的能力建设
(一)认同能力建设
1.制定反恐统一标准。现代意义上的恐怖主义兴起于20世纪中叶,主要指针对标志建筑和显赫人物等特定目标,恐怖组织有计划使用暗杀、爆炸等暴力手段或威胁使用暴力手段,制造恐怖案例和恐怖气氛,以期达到特定政治目的的活动①参见:Lehto M.Indirect Responsibility For Terrorist Acts:Redefinition of the Concept of Terrorism Beyond Violent Acts.Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2009;Bryan Price.Targeting top terrorists:How leadership decapitation contributes to counterterrorism.International Security.No.4,2012;Edward Newman.Exploring the“Root Causes”of Terrorism.Studies in Conflict&Terrorism.No.8,2006;Neil C.Livingstone.The War against Terrorism.D.C.Health and Company,1982.。然而,遗憾的是,国际社会迄今也没有形成通用的恐怖主义定义,更没有统一的国际反恐标准。
[20]Ahmed S.Hashim.the Islamic State:From Al-Qaeda Affiliateto Caliphate[J].Middle East Policy.No.4,2014.
[21]Islamic State.The Rafidah:From Ibn Saba′to the Dajjal[J].Dabiq.No.13,2016.
[22]Ethan Bueno de Mesquita,Eric S.Dickson.The Propaganda of the Deed:Terrorism,Counterterrorism and Mobilization[J].American Journal of Political Science.No.2,2007.
[28]Quintan Wiktorowicz.Framing Jihad:Intramovement Framing Contests and Al-Qaeda's Struggle for Sacred Authority[J].International Review of Social History.No.Supplement S12,2004.