西南大学1806课程考试[0181]《语言学导论》机考大作业

奥鹏作业答案

西南大学网络与继续教育学院课程考试试题卷

类别：网教            专业：英语             2018年6月
课程名称【编号】：语言学导论【0181】              A卷
大作业                                      满分：100分


（要求：学生必须按各大题的答题要求，完成全部题目）
Ⅰ. For each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question, or would best complete the sentence. Write the corresponding letter on your ANSWER SHEET. (20%)
1. ________ refers to the language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules of his language.
A. Register         B. Performance         C. Competence    D. Dialect
2. “classmate” is a _______.
A. compound      B. phrase     C. derivative     D. morpheme
3. The function of the sentence “I promise to come on time tomorrow” is mainly _______.
A. directive     B. informative       C. performative   D. phatic
4. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless stop?  _______.
A. [d]         B. [p]               C. [(]         D. [(]
5. “-ed” and “-s” are ______ because they do not help to form new words.
A. free morphemes                           B. inflectional morphemes
C. derivative morphemes            D. roots
6. Systemic-functional grammar has been developed by _______.
A. Grice       B. Austin            C. Chomsky       D. Halliday
7. The syllabic structure of the word “studied” is ______.
A. CCCCVVC           B. CCCCVC                C. CCCVVC                D. CCVCVC
8. ______ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.
A. Polysemy                 B. Synonymy                 C. Homonymy                D. Hyponymy
9. The study of meaning in context is called _______.
A. pragmatics                B. sociolinguistics                C. applied linguistics                D. semantics
10. _______ means that certain authorities, such as the government, choose a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.
   A. Language testing                                            B. Language change
   C. Language planning                                        D. Language transfer

Ⅱ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False. Write True or False on the ANSWER SHEET. (20%)
11. Diachronic linguistics studies language development or change over time.
12. Ultimate constituents are constituents directly below the level of a construction.
13. Standard dialect is a particular variety of a language, which is used by a particular social class.
14. Compounds are words that are formed by joining two or more words.
15. Transformational-Generative grammar was first proposed by P. H. Grice.
16. To linguists, no languages are superior to any other languages.
17. According to the manner of articulation, consonants can be classified into stops, fricatives, bilabial, alveolar, etc.
18. A voiceless sound is a sound that is produced with the airstream causing the vocal cords to vibrate.
19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken language.
20. Utterance meaning is something conveyed by a sentence in a context other than its literal meaning.

Ⅲ. Reading comprehension. Read the following passage and answer each of the questions based on it. Choose the correct answer write the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. (20%)
If you want to teach your children how to say sorry, you must be good at saying it yourself, especially to your own children. But how you say it can be quite tricky.
If you say to your children “I’m sorry I got angry with you, but ...” what follows that “but” can render the apology ineffective: “I had a bad day” or “your noise was giving me a headache” leaves the person who has been injured feeling that he should be apologizing for his bad behavior in expecting an apology.
Another method by which people appear to apologize without actually doing so is to say “I’m sorry you’re upset”; this suggests that you are somehow at fault for allowing yourself to get upset by what the other person has done.
Then there is the general, all covering apology, which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific act that was particularly hurtful or insulting, and which the person who is apologizing should promise never to do again. Saying “I’m useless as a parent” does not commit a person to any specific improvement.
These pseudo-apologies are used by people who believe saying sorry shows weakness. Parents who wish to teach their children to apologize should see it as a sign of strength, and therefore not resort to these pseudo-apologies.
But even when presented with examples of genuine regret, children still need help to become aware of the complexities of saying sorry. A three-year-old might need help in understanding that other children feel pain just as he does, and that hitting a playmate over the head with a heavy toy requires an apology. A six-year-old might need reminding that spoiling other children’s expectations can require an apology. A 12-year-old might need to be shown that raiding the biscuit tin without asking permission is acceptable, but that borrowing a parent’s clothes without permission is not.
21. If a mother adds “but” to an apology, ________.
A) she doesn’t feel that she should have apologized
B) she does not realize that the child has been hurt
C) the child may find the apology easier to accept
D) the child may feel that he owes her an apology
22. According to the author, saying “I’m sorry you’re upset” most probably means “________”.
A) You have good reason to get upset
B) I’m aware you’re upset, but I’m not to blame
C) I apologize for hurting your feelings
D) I’m at fault for making you upset
23. It is not advisable to use the general, all-covering apology because ________.
A) it gets one into the habit of making empty promises
B) it may make the other person feel guilty
C) it is vague and ineffective
D) it is hurtful and insulting
24. We learn from the last paragraph that in teaching children to say sorry ________.
A) the complexities involved should be ignored
B) their ages should be taken into account
C) parents need to set them a good example
D) parents should be patient and tolerant
25. It can be inferred from the passage that apologizing properly is ________.
A) a social issue calling for immediate attention
B) not necessary among family members
C) a sign of social progress
D) not as simple as it seems

Ⅳ. Answer the following questions, each in 120 to 200 words. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40%)
26. Analyze the following conversation by using the theory of conversational implicature. (20%)
Tom: Hi, Jerry, where is my cake?
Jerry: John came and left with his dog just now.
(Clue: Use the cooperative principle and its four maxims – the maxim of quality, the maxim of quantity, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner)
27. What have you learned from the course of linguistics? (20%)
(Clue: You can say whatever, linguistic or non-linguistic, you have learned from the course. But make sure your answer is clear and logical. You may answer the question in Chinese, but this may result in a loss of marks.)










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