玉米病害和病原名称整理及其汉译名称规范化探讨

奥鹏网院作业

玉米病害和病原名称整理及其汉译名称规范化探讨玉米病害和病原名称整理及其汉译名称规范化探讨

王晓鸣，段灿星

（中国农业科学院作物科学研究所，北京 100081）

摘要：对已报道的玉米病害进行整理，提出规范玉米病害和病原汉译名称的建议。经过对“Compendium of Corn Diseases”（第4版，2016）、“Maize Diseases”（1988）、“Field Crop Diseases”（1999）、“中国玉米病虫草害图鉴”（2018）等书籍、美国植物病理学会网站信息（APSnet 2019）及近年发表的玉米病害研究文章的整理，获得由真菌、卵菌、细菌、病毒和线虫引致的玉米病害185种，致病生物380种/次。许多玉米病害的英文名称与其致病病原的物种名称相关，而随着科学认识和鉴定技术的进步，研究报道已有62个玉米致病生物物种的分类地位发生了改变，其中许多归入与旧有名称不同的属中，因而导致一些玉米病害英文名称已无法对应其致病物种新种名，极易引起认知上的混乱和应用中的不便。因此，为促进未来玉米病害国际信息交流的通用性、科学性和规范性，本文作者对27种玉米病害的英文名称提出了修改建议。经重新整理后，确定玉米侵染性病害185种，包括真菌/卵菌病害123种、细菌病害20种、病毒病害26种、线虫病害16种。185种病害涉及致病生物286个种/亚种/变种/致病型，其中真菌147种、卵菌34种、细菌20种及螺原体/植原体3种、病毒38种、线虫44种。关于玉米病害名称的汉译，以尊重历史名称和重要玉米病害著作中的名称为基础，兼顾应用中形成并广泛采用的名称，并以病原及症状特征为重要依据确定新名称，形成较为科学与合理的185种玉米病害的汉译名称，包括新确定汉译名称的96种病害。对于玉米致病生物的汉译名称，则以真菌、细菌、病毒、线虫的病原学专著、《中国真菌志》及重要文章中的名称为主，对无汉译名称的病原采用以病原属名及种加词的拉丁词源（病毒为英文）本意作为基础形成新汉译名称。规范玉米病害的英文名称和确认病原目前的分类地位，有利于在国际上进行玉米病害研究的科学交流，促进玉米病害的深入研究；而玉米病害及病原中文名称的确定，既可以规范国内对玉米病害和病原的称谓，防止对玉米病害英文名称的随意汉译，也可为玉米病害研究与教学提供一个参照目录，避免在科学研究交流及生产应用中对玉米病害和病原中文名称出现多种歧义以及出现病害与病原对应错误的状况。

关键词：玉米；病害；病原；汉译名称

玉米是中国种植面积最大的农作物，2018年种植面积为4 213万公顷[1]。种植范围从北纬18°至北纬52°，从东北平原地区横跨中原地区至西南云贵高原的高海拔山区，从东部滨海地区至西北干旱地区，涉及北方极早熟春玉米区、北方早熟春玉米区、东华北中早熟春玉米区、东华北中熟春玉米区、东华北中晚熟春玉米区、黄淮海夏玉米区、京津冀早熟夏玉米区、西北春玉米区、西南春玉米区、热带亚热带玉米区、东南春玉米区等类型多样的生态区。正因如此，我国玉米生产中要面对各种各样的病害胁迫问题[2-3]。自20世纪80年代以来，中国的玉米种植面积迅速扩大[4]，而伴随着种植区域的扩大和品种类型的多样化，田间病害所带来的生产问题愈加复杂。在玉米产业快速发展的背景下，我国从事玉米病害科研、教学的队伍日益扩大，在各类学术期刊发表的玉米病害研究文章数量增长迅速，近年还出版了多本玉米病害书籍。

“不忘初心、砥砺前行、脚踏实地、实现目标”，自2009年公司改制至今，王致和食品有限公司已经历经十年的努力拼搏，十年艰苦卓绝奋斗成绩斐然。

在发表的玉米病害文章及出版的书籍中，不同的作者由于各自对玉米病害研究经历的差异，特别是对许多玉米病害汉译名称形成历史不了解，因而对玉米病害和病原学名中文名称的使用各不相同，造成同一病害或病原出现不同的名称，如玉米弯孢叶斑病又被称为拟眼斑病、黑霉病、黄斑病、弯孢霉叶斑病等，玉米致病菌亚黏团镰孢又被译为胶孢镰孢；同样，在介绍国外报道的玉米病害或病原时，也常出现不规范的汉译名称，如玉米南方锈病被译为南方玉米锈病。此外，伴随着近十年来植物病原分子系统学研究的迅速发展，许多玉米病原的分类地位发生了改变，但一些玉米病害研究者仍在采用旧名称，如Fusarium verticillioides已经在国际上广泛采用，但我国许多文章中仍沿用Fusarium moniliforme的旧名称。这种病害及病原名称采用的混乱，不利于当前玉米病害研究的国际与国内交流，也不利于玉米病害科学研究的传承。

为促进我国玉米病害研究者之间的有效与规范交流，为玉米生产者、管理者提供正确的玉米病害研究与防控进展信息，需要规范玉米各类病害和病原的汉译（汉化）名称。为此，笔者在查阅大量历史资料和近年有关病原分类学研究的文献与书籍基础上，尝试对国际文献中的玉米病害进行整理，对病害英文名称及病原的正确分类地位进行梳理，给予玉米病害及病原科学的汉译名称，期望通过这种方式，在我国逐渐形成规范的玉米病害和病原名称汉译的基础。

1 玉米病害种类、英文名称特点及其汉译模式

美国是世界第一大玉米生产国，也是玉米病害研究历史最长的国家。在美国植物病理学会（The American Phytopathological Society，APS）的组织下，“Compendium of Corn Diseases”（玉米病害概要）一书在1973年出版，很快成为各国玉米病害研究者阅读的经典著作。2016年，该书第4版问世，在内容上有了较多补充，其中涉及侵染性病害111种[5]。此外，美国植物病理学会还在1988年出版了“Maize Diseases”（玉米病害）[6]，介绍了150种侵染性病害，包括15种经人工接种致病的病害。1999年，在美国Iowa大学出版的“Field Crop Diseases, Third Edition”（大田作物病害）一书中介绍了166种玉米病害[7]。综合这3部著作及美国植物病理学会网站提供的玉米病害名录[8]，总结玉米病害英文名称为3种类型：（1）以典型症状为病害名称，如Head smut、Tar spot、Chocolate spot、Corn lethal necrosis等；（2）以病原+症状为病害名称，如Curvularia leaf spot、Gibberella stalk rot、Stewart’s bacterial wilt等；（3）以病害发生地域/发病阶段/寄主+症状为病害名称，如Northern corn leaf blight、Philippine downy mildew、Late wilt、Holcus spot等。这些玉米病害通用英文名称的形成方式，是其对应汉译名称制定的基本参考。

分析文献，50%以上的玉米真菌/卵菌病害的英文名称与病原菌种名相关。近年来，基于分子生物学研究形成的物种分子系统学和高分辨率显微镜技术的应用，解决了以往许多形态相似物种的分类地位确定难题。病原生物分子系统学的研究也使得62种玉米致病病原的分类地位发生了改变，其中许多病原被归入与旧有名称不同的属中，因而导致一些原有的玉米病害英文名称已无法对应其致病病原的新名称。病原分类地位与名称的改变并未引起玉米病害研究者足够的重视，原有的病原学名仍在普遍应用，这种与科学进步脱节的现象势必对玉米病害的研究与应用造成负面影响。因此，考虑到未来玉米病害国际交流的广泛性、通用性和科学性，本文对27种玉米真菌病害的英文名称提出了修改建议。

目前，我国已有数十种玉米病害具备了汉译名称，其形成方式主要为以下4类：（1）以病害症状特征直接给予中文名称，如大斑病、纹枯病等；（2）以病害发生地域+症状组合方式给予中文名称，如南方锈病、北方炭疽病等；（3）以病原名称+主要症状特点组合形成中文名称，如镰孢穗腐病、腐霉茎腐病等；（4）完全直接译自病害的英文名称，如灰斑病、疯顶霜霉病等。

2 玉米病害和病原汉译名称的历史发展

中国是世界玉米生产大国，虽然玉米种植历史仅有约500年，但由于玉米种植范围广，种植区生态类型丰富，种植品种类型多样，因此不同地域出现的病害种类有较大差异。迄今，我国已报道了40余种玉米病害[9-14]，包括在世界其他地区未报道的10种新病害（红叶病、镰孢顶腐病、鞘腐病、细菌干茎腐病、线虫矮化病、真小孢帽菌叶枯病、平脐蠕孢叶斑病、泛菌叶斑病、芽孢杆菌叶斑病、细菌性穗腐病）[12-19]。

2.1.2 认知障碍 神经梅毒患者可出现痴呆，表现为记忆力下降、判断力减退、情绪不稳定、情绪低落、懒散、生活不能自理［2］。

对我国玉米病害和病原最早的科学记述为20世纪30年代。俞大绂（1933）描述了玉米叶斑病[20]，朱凤美（1933）记述了浙江省发生的玉米小斑病和瘤黑粉病[21]，周家炽（1936）描述了河北省的5种玉米病害[22]，戴芳澜（1937）记述了玉米上的致病菌[23-24]，邓叔群（1939）记述了玉米大斑病菌和小斑病菌[25]。

关于玉米病害和病原的汉译名称，周家炽在1936年为5种玉米病害确定了中文名称：黑头病（即丝黑穗病）、黑粉病（即瘤黑粉病）、叶斑病（即大斑病）、褐斑病、绿霉病（即青霉穗腐病）[22]；王鸣歧在发表于1950年的《河南植物病害名录》中确定了9种玉米病害的中文名称[9]。1958年，在戴芳澜等编著的《中国经济植物病原目录》一书中，对玉米上的46种致病真菌、细菌和病毒给予了汉译名称，也对部分病害给予了中文名称[26]。

随着玉米生产在我国的快速发展，对玉米病害的研究也日益增多，一些玉米病虫害著作得以发表，其中影响较大、记述内容较多、作为本文制定玉米病害和病原汉译名称重要参考的包括：戚佩坤等在1966年著的《吉林省栽培植物真菌病害志》[10]收录玉米病害26种；戚佩坤在1978年出版的《玉米、高粱、谷子病原手册》[27]中记录玉米病害病原77种；1995年出版的《中国农作物病虫害》（第2版）[28]中胡吉成记述了玉米病害11种；1996年方中达主编的《中国农业百科全书-植物病理学卷》[29]中吴全安描述了玉米病害15种；1997年白金铠主编的《杂粮作物病害》[11]中记述了世界各地发生的玉米病害89种；徐秀德等2009年编著的《玉米病虫害原色图鉴》[30]中介绍了玉米病害50种；王晓鸣等在《玉米病虫害田间手册》[12]、《中国农作物病虫害》（第3版）[13]、《中国玉米病虫草害图鉴》[14]中分别描述了33、30和49种病害；石洁等在2011年出版的《玉米病虫害防治彩色图谱》[31]中介绍了25种病害；2017年商鸿生等在《图说玉米病虫害诊断与防治》[32]中描述了23种病害。

3 玉米病害和病原名称汉译的基本原则

进行玉米病害与病原名称的汉译应该遵循以下原则：（1）尊重历史：玉米主要病害的汉译名称形成于20世纪50—60年代，以王鸣歧[9]、戴芳澜[26]、戚佩坤[27]的著作为代表并在白金铠[11]的著作中得到详细整理，这些汉译的玉米病害名称已经被普遍采纳与应用；对于玉米病害病原生物的汉译名称，以许志刚的《拉汉-汉拉植物病原生物名称》[33]为主要参考，该书由中国植物病理学会组织编写，内容包括了植物病原真菌、细菌、病毒、线虫及寄生植物约1 500属20 000个物种的汉译名称。同时，真菌与卵菌汉译名称以戴芳澜《中国真菌总汇》[34]、魏景超《真菌鉴定手册》[35]和已经出版了52卷的《中国真菌志》各相关卷为标准进行补充与订正；原核生物汉译名称以赵乃昕等的《医学细菌名称及分类鉴定》（第3版）[36]和杨瑞馥等编著的《细菌名称双解及分类词典》[37]为主要参考；病毒汉译名称以谢联辉等著《植物病毒名称及其归属》[38]和洪健等编著的《植物病毒分类图谱》[39] 为参考；线虫汉译名称以赵文霞等主编的《中国植物线虫名录》[40]为参考。（2）追踪科学发展：科学研究不断发现新致病生物，也不断利用新技术对原有物种赋予新的分类学地位。因此，对玉米病害中新出现的致病生物学名以及原报道致病物种因分类地位改变而形成的新学名，其汉译名称主要依据国内新近发表的相关研究文章。（3）科学地确定尚未汉译的玉米病害和病原的中文名称：许多玉米病害由于在我国无发生记录或历史文献中未出现其对应的汉译名称，因此主要依据玉米病害英文名称的本意对其进行汉译；由于一些病毒病害的英文名称来自病原，无法与玉米病害对应，因此根据其在玉米上引发的症状给予中文名称；而对于迄今仍无汉译名称的玉米病害致病生物，则依据其拉丁学名的本意确定中文称谓。

4 玉米病害及病原名称汉译的建议

经对重要玉米病害著作进行整理，共归纳出185种玉米病害和380种/次致病生物。依据最新的分类学研究进展，经过对致病生物分类名称的核对，确定玉米致病生物286种，其中真菌147种，卵菌34种，细菌及其他原核生物23种，病毒38种，线虫44种。由于一些致病生物分类地位及学名的改变，对部分病害建议给予新英文名称或对原有名称进行更改，例如Pythium属中的部分物种分别划入了新建立的Globisporangium属和Phytopythium属，因此这些病原菌引起的病害英文名称从Pythium root rot分别改称为Globisporangium root rot和Phytopythium root rot。经重新梳理已发表的玉米病害，确定发生在玉米种子萌发期和苗期的真菌/卵菌病害34种（原为28种）病原92种，成株期叶部真菌/卵菌病害46种（原为47种）病原71种，穗部真菌病害24种（原为27种）病原79种，茎部真菌/卵菌病害19种（原为19种）病原30种，细菌病害20种病原25种，病毒病害26种病原39种，线虫病害44种病原44种。

本文依据玉米病害汉译名称形成的4类方式和病害及病原名称汉译的原则，对已有汉译名称病害进行梳理并给出了名称的历史来源，对96种无汉译名称的病害及部分病原根据上述原则提出新的汉译名称，以期逐步在我国形成对玉米病害和病原生物的科学称谓，利于研究信息在国内与国际的顺畅交流。

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玉米病害与病原名称的汉译结果整理于表1—表7。在185种玉米病害中，132种病害采用“病原+症状”方式形成了汉译名称，109种病害采用“英文名称直译”方式确定了汉译名称，39种病害采用“症状特征”方式赋予了汉译名称，11种病害则采用“地域+症状”形成了汉译名称，另有4种病毒病因仅有确定的致病病毒，但缺乏对应的症状研究或属于无症类型，因此没有形成对应的汉译名称。

5 讨论

玉米是我国最重要的农作物之一，也是进入21世纪后产业发展迅速的作物。近年来，玉米种业育种的发展加速了国外玉米种质资源的引进与利用，而伴随其中的是种传病害的增加，使得在我国玉米生产中出现许多以往不为熟知的病害，特别是一些细菌性和病毒性病害。同时，笔者也经常收到一些对玉米病害英文名称和病原的中文解释需求。出于对田间病害鉴定与识别的需要，国外的各种玉米病害信息不断进入相关研究与育种工作中，规范其汉译名称就成为了必须解决的问题。

表1 玉米萌发期和苗期真菌/卵菌病害、病原及其汉译名称

Table 1 Fungal and oomycetes diseases and causal agents in maize seed germination and seedling stage and their Chinese names

   
   
   
   

病害名称Name of maize disease病原名称Pathogen name 英文名称 English name汉译名称及文献 Chinese name and literature曾用中文名称Other Chinese name and literature病原及文献Pathogen and literature病原新分类名称及文献New taxonomy of pathogen and literature病原汉译名称及文献Chinese name ofpathogen and literature Seed rot种腐病 Alternaria seed rot链格孢种腐病b/Alternaria spp.[14]/链格孢属[33-34] Aspergillus seed rot曲霉种腐病b/Aspergillus flavus Link: Fries[8]/黄曲霉[33-35] Aspergillus tamarii Kita[8]/溜曲霉[33-35] Bipolaris seed rot平脐蠕孢种腐病b/Bipolaris spp.[8]/平脐蠕孢属[33] Fusarium seed rot镰孢种腐病b/Fusarium graminearum Schwabe[14]/禾谷镰孢[33] Fusarium temperatum Scauflaire et Munaut[8]/温带镰孢c Fusarium verticillioides (Saccardo) Nirenberg[5,41]/拟轮枝镰孢[42] Globisporangium seed rota (Pythium seed rot)球孢囊霉种腐病b/Pythium debaryanum Hesse[8]Globisporangium debaryanum (R. Hesse) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakishima[43]德巴利球孢囊霉c Pythium irregulare Buisman[8]Globisporangium irregulare (Buisman) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakishima[43]畸雌球孢囊霉c Pythium paroecandrum Drechsler[8] Globisporangium paroecandrum (Drechsler) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakishima[43]侧雄球孢囊霉c Pythium spinosum Sawada[44]Globisporangium spinosum (Sawada) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakishima[43]刺球孢囊霉c Pythium sylvaticum Canpbell et Hendrix[44]Globisporangium sylvaticum (W. A. Campb. & F. F. Hendrix) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakishima[43]森林球孢囊霉c Pythium ultimum Trow[8]Globisporangium ultimum (Trow) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakishima[43]终极球孢囊霉c Gonatobotrys seed rot节簇孢种腐病b/Gonatobotrys simplex Corda[8]/简单节簇孢[45] Monilia seed rot丛梗孢种腐病b/Monilia spp.[14]/丛梗孢属[33-34] Nigrospora seed rot黑孢种腐病b/Nigrospora spp.[8]/黑孢属[33-34] Penicillium seed rot青霉种腐病b/Penicillium oxalicum Currie et Thom[8]/草酸青霉[33-36,46] Phomopsis seed rot拟茎点霉种腐病b/Phomopsis spp.[8]/拟茎点霉属[33-34] Pythium seed rot腐霉种腐病b/Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzpatrick[44]/瓜果腐霉[33-35,47] Pythium arrhenamanes Drechsler[44]/强雄腐霉[33,47] Pythium graminicola Subramanian[44]/禾生腐霉[33-34,47] Rhizoctonia seed rot丝核菌种腐病b/Rhizoctonia spp.[14]/丝核菌属[33-35] Rhizopus seed rot根霉种腐病b/Rhizopus spp.[8]/根霉属[33-35] Stenocarpella seed rot狭壳柱孢种腐病b/Stenocarpella maydis (Berkeley) Sutton[8]/玉米狭壳柱孢[33,48] Trichoderma seed rot木霉种腐病b/Trichoderma spp.[8]/木霉属[33-35] 续表1 Continued table 1 病害名称Name of maize disease病原名称Pathogen name 英文名称 English name汉译名称及文献 Chinese name and literature曾用中文名称Other Chinese name and literature病原及文献Pathogen and literature病原新分类名称及文献New taxonomy of pathogen and literature病原汉译名称及文献Chinese name ofpathogen and literature Seedling blight苗枯病 Aspergillus seedling blight曲霉苗枯病b/Aspergillus niger van Tieghem[49]/黑曲霉[33-35] Fusarium seedling blight镰孢苗枯病[14]苗枯病[10-11]Fusarium graminearum Schwabe[5] /禾谷镰孢[33] Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtendal emend. Snyder et Hansen[5]/尖镰孢[33] Fusarium proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg ex Gerlach et Nirenberg[5]/层出镰孢[17] Fusarium semitectum Berkeley et Ravenel[6]/半裸镰孢[33-34] Fusarium solani (Martius) Saccardo[5,49]/茄镰孢[33] Fusarium subglutinans (Wollenweber et Reinking) Nelson, Toussoun et Marasas[5]/亚黏团镰孢[16] Fusarium temperatum Scauflaire et Munaut[8,50]/温带镰孢c Fusarium verticillioides (Saccardo) Nirenberg[5]/拟轮枝镰孢[42] Globisporangium seedling blighta (Pythium seedling blight)球孢囊霉苗枯病b/Pythium debaryanum Hesse[5] Globisporangium debaryanum (R. Hesse) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakishima[43]德巴利球孢囊霉c Pythium irregulare Buisman[5] Globisporangium irregulare (Buisman) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakishima[43]畸雌球孢囊霉c Pythium paroecandrum Drechsler[5] Globisporangium paroecandrum (Drechsler) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakishima[43]侧雄球孢囊霉c Pythium rostratum Butler[5] Globisporangium rostratum (E. J. Butler) Uzuhashi,Tojo & Kakishima[43]喙球孢囊霉c Pythium splendens Braun[6] Globisporangium splendens (Hans Braun) Uzuhashi,Tojo & Kakishima[43]华丽球孢囊霉c Pythium ultimum Trow[5] Globisporangium ultimum (Trow) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakishima[43]终极球孢囊霉c Phytopythium seedling blighta (Pythium seedling blight)疫腐霉苗枯病b/Pythium vexans de Bary[5]Phytopythium vexans (de Bary) Abad, de Cock, Bala, Robideau, Lodhi & Lévesque[51]钟器疫腐霉c Pythium seedling blight腐霉苗枯病b/Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzpatrick[44]/瓜果腐霉[33-35,47] Pythium schmitthenneri Ellis, Broders & Dorrance[52]/施氏腐霉c Rhizoctonia seedling blight丝核菌苗枯病b立枯病[10]Rhizoctonia solani Kühn[5]/茄丝核菌[33] Stenocarpella seedling blighta (Diplodia seedling blight)狭壳柱孢苗枯病b/Stenocarpella maydis (Berkeley) Sutton[5]/玉米狭壳柱孢[33,48] 续表1 Continued table 1 病害名称Name of maize disease病原名称Pathogen name 英文名称 English name汉译名称及文献 Chinese name and literature曾用中文名称Other Chinese name and literature病原及文献Pathogen and literature病原新分类名称及文献New taxonomy of pathogen and literature病原汉译名称及文献Chinese name ofpathogen and literature Root rot根腐病 Bipolaris root rota(Helminthosporium satium root rot)平脐蠕孢根腐病b根腐病[10]Helminthosporium satium Pammel, King et Bakke[7]Bipolaris sorokiniana (Saccardo) Shoemaker[53]麦根腐平脐蠕孢[33] Exserohilum root rota(Helminthosporium pedicellatum root rot)凸脐蠕孢根腐病b/Helminthosporium pedicellatum Henry[7]Exserohilum pedicellatum (Henry) Leonard et Suggs[54]小柄凸脐蠕孢[33] Fusarium root rot镰孢根腐病b赤霉病、粉腐病[10]Fusarium acuminatum Ellis et Everhart[5]/锐顶镰孢[55] Fusarium culmorum (Smith) Saccardo[6]/黄色镰孢[33] Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Saccardo[5]/木贼镰孢[33-34] Fusarium graminearum Schwabe[5]/禾谷镰孢[33] Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtendal emend. Snyder et Hansen[5]/尖镰孢[33] Fusarium poae (Peck) Wollenweber[6]/早熟禾镰孢[33-34] Fusarium proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg ex Gerlach et Nirenberg[5]/层出镰孢[17] Fusarium semitectum Berkeley et Ravenel[6]/半裸镰孢[33-34] Fusarium solani (Martius) Saccardo[5]/茄镰孢[33] Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherbakoff[6]/拟分枝孢镰孢[34] Fusarium subglutinans (Wollenweber et Reinking) Nelson, Toussoun et Marasas[5]/亚黏团镰孢[16] Fusarium tricinctum (Corda) Saccardo[6]/三隔镰孢[34] Fusarium verticillioides (Saccardo) Nirenberg[5]/拟轮枝镰孢[42] Gaeumannomyces root rot顶囊壳根腐病b/Gaeumannomyces graminis (Saccardo) Arx et Olivier[7]/禾顶囊壳[33-34] Gaeumannomyces root rota (Phialophora radicicola root rot)Phialophora radicicola Cain[7] / Gaeumannomyces radicicola (Cain) J. Luo & N. Zhang[56]/根生顶囊壳c Globisporangium root rota (Pythium root rot)球孢囊霉根腐病b/Pythium debaryanum Hesse[44]Globisporangium debaryanum (R. Hesse) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakishima[43]德巴利球孢囊霉c Pythium irregulare Buisman[5] Globisporangium irregulare (Buisman) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakishima[43]畸雌球孢囊霉c Pythium paroecandrum Drechsler[5] Globisporangium paroecandrum (Drechsler) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakishima[43]侧雄球孢囊霉c Pythium pulchrum Minden[5]Globisporangium pulchrum (Minden) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakishima[43]绚丽球孢囊霉c 续表1 Continued table 1 病害名称Name of maize disease病原名称Pathogen name 英文名称 English name汉译名称及文献 Chinese name and literature曾用中文名称Other Chinese name and literature病原及文献Pathogen and literature病原新分类名称及文献New taxonomy of pathogen and literature病原汉译名称及文献Chinese name ofpathogen and literature Pythium rostratum Butler[5] Globisporangium rostratum (E. J. Butler) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakishima[43]喙球孢囊霉c Pythium splendens Braun[5] Globisporangium splendens (Hans Braun) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakishima[43]华丽球孢囊霉c Pythium sylvaticum Campbell et Hendrix[5]Globisporangium sylvaticum (W. A. Campb. & F. F. Hendrix) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakishima[43]森林球孢囊霉c Pythium ultimum Trow[5] Globisporangium ultimum (Trow) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakishima[43]终极球孢囊霉c Microdochium root rota(Microdochium bolleyi root rot)小子座菌根腐病b/Microdochium bolleyi (Sprague) de Hoog et Hermanides-Nijhof[7]/博利微座孢[33] Phytopythium root rota(Pythium root rot)疫腐霉根腐病b/Pythium helicoides Drechsler[5]Phytopythium helicoides (Drechsler) Abad, De Cock, Bala, Robideau, Lodhi & Lévesque[51]旋柄疫腐霉c Pythium vexans deBary[5]Phytopythium vexans (de Bary) Abad, de Cock, Bala, Robideau, Lodhi & Lévesque[51]钟器疫腐霉c Pythium root rot腐霉根腐病[14]根腐病[10]Pythium acanthicum Drechsler[5]/棘腐霉[33-34,47] Pythium adhaerens Sparrow[5]/粘腐霉[33,47] Pythium angustatum Sparrow[5]/狭囊腐霉[33] Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzpatrick[5]/瓜果腐霉[33-35,47] Pythium arrhenomanes Drechsler[5] /强雄腐霉[33,47] Pythium graminicola Subramanian[5]/禾生腐霉[33-34,47] Pythium lutarium Ali-Shtayeh[5]/淤泥腐霉[33] Pythium tardicrescens Vanterpool[5]/缓生腐霉[33-34,47] Pythium torulosum Coker et Patterson[5]/簇囊腐霉[33-34,47] Pythium vanterpoolii Kouyeas et Kouyeas[44]/范特腐霉[33] Red root rot红色根腐病b/Phoma terrestris Hansen[5]Setophoma terrestris (Hansen) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley[57]土栖棘壳孢c Rhizoctonia crown / root rot丝核菌根腐病b/Rhizoctonia solani Kühn[5] /茄丝核菌[33] Rhizoctonia zeae Voorhees[7]/玉蜀黍丝核菌[33-34] Trichoderma root rot木霉根腐病b/Trichoderma hamatum (Bonorden) Bainier[7]/钩状木霉[33] Trichoderma harzianum Rifai[7]/哈茨木霉[33] Trichoderma koningii Oudemans[7]/康宁木霉[33] Trichoderma lignorum (Tode) Harz[7]/木素木霉[33-34] Trichoderma viride Persoon: Fries[7] /绿色木霉[33-34] Trichothecium root rota(Trichoderma root rot)单端孢根腐病b/Trichoderma roseum (Persoon) Link[7]Trichothecium roseum (Persoon) Link ex Gray[58]粉红单端孢[33-34]

a：新英文名称建议 New English name proposed by authors in this paper；b：病害汉译名称由本文作者提出 The Chinese name of disease is given by authors in this paper；c：病原汉译名称由本文作者提出 The Chinese name of pathogen is given by authors in this paper。下同The same as below

表2 玉米叶部真菌/卵菌病害、病原及其汉译名称

Table 2 Fungal and oomycetes diseases and causal agents in maize leaves and their Chinese names

   
   
   

病害名称Name of maize disease病原名称Pathogen name 英文名称 English name汉译名称及文献 Chinese name and literature曾用中文名称Other Chinese name and literature病原及文献 Pathogen and literature病原新分类名称及文献New taxonomy of pathogen and literature病原汉译名称及文献Chinese name ofpathogen and literature Leaf disease叶部病害 Alternaria leaf spot链格孢叶斑病[12]黑斑病[11]Alternaria alternata (Fries: Fries) Keissler[5]/链格孢[33-34] Anthracnose leaf blight炭疽叶斑病b炭疽病[10-11]Colletotrichum graminicola (Cesati) Wilson / Glomerella graminicola Politis[5] /禾生炭疽菌[33]/禾生小丛壳[59] Ascochyta leaf spot壳二孢叶斑病b叶斑病[11]、枯斑病[27]Ascochyta maydis Stout[5]/玉蜀黍壳二孢c Ascochyta zeae Stout[5]/玉米壳二孢c Ascochyta zeina Saccardo[5]/蜀黍壳二孢c Bipolaris leaf spot平脐蠕孢叶斑病[12]/Bipolaris sorokiniana (Saccardo) Shoemaker[60]/麦根腐平脐蠕孢[33] Ceratocystis leaf spota(Ceratocystis paradoxa leaf spot)长喙壳叶斑病b/Ceratocystis paradoxa (Dade) Moreau[6]/奇异长喙壳[33] Common rust普通锈病[11]锈病[10]Puccinia sorghi Schweinitz[5]/高粱柄锈菌[33-34] Corn gray spot灰点病b谷瘟病[27]Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Saccardo[6]/灰梨孢[33] Curvularia leaf spot弯孢叶斑病[61]黑霉病[11]、螺霉病[27]Curvularia aeria (Batista, Lima et Vasconcelos) Tsuda[5]/空气弯孢[62] Curvularia australiensis (Ellis) Manamgoda, Cai & Hyde[63]/澳大利亚弯孢[64] Curvularia clavata Jain[6-7] /棒弯孢[33] Curvularia eragrostidis (Hennings) Meyer[7] /画眉草弯孢[33] Curvularia inaequalis (Shear) Boedijn[6-7]/不等弯孢[33] Curvularia intermedia Boedijn[7] /间型弯孢[33] Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn[6-7,14] /新月弯孢[33-34] Curvularia pallescens Boedijn[6-7]/苍白弯孢[33] Curvularia senegalensis (Spegazzini) Subramanian[7] /塞内加尔弯孢[33] Curvularia tuberculata Jain[6-7]/小瘤弯孢[33] Curvularia leaf spota(Helminthosporium leaf spot)Helminthosporium hawaiiensis Bugnicourt[6] Curvularia hawaiiensis (Bugnicourt) Manamgoda, L. Cai & K.D. Hyde[65]夏威夷弯孢c Helminthosporium tetramera McKinney[6] Curvularia spicifera (Bainier) Boedijn[65]穗状弯孢[66] Entodesmium leaf spota(Leptosphaeria leaf spot)内带孢叶斑病b斑纹病[27]Leptosphaeria multiseptata Winter[6]Entodesmium multiseptatum (Winter) L. Holm[67]多隔内带孢c Epicoccum leaf spot附球孢叶斑病[60]斑叶病[9]Epicoccum nigrum Link[60]Epicoccum purpurascens Ehrenberg ex Schlecht[68]黑附球霉[33,35] Epicoccum leaf spota(Phaeosphaeria leaf spot)Phoma sorghina (Saccardo) Boerema, Dorenbosch et van Kesteren[69]Epicoccum sorghi (Saccardo) Aveskamp, Gruyter & Verkley[70]高粱附球霉[71] Eutiarosporella leaf blight真小孢帽菌叶枯病[14]/Eutiarosporella dactylidis K.M. Thambugala, E. Camporesi & K.D. Hyde[14]/鸭茅真小孢帽菌[14] 续表2 Continued table 2 病害名称Name of maize disease病原名称Pathogen name 英文名称 English name汉译名称及文献 Chinese name and literature曾用中文名称Other Chinese name and literature病原及文献 Pathogen and literature病原新分类名称及文献New taxonomy of pathogen and literature病原汉译名称及文献Chinese name ofpathogen and literature Exserohilum leaf spota(Exserohilum prolatum leaf spot)凸脐蠕孢叶斑病b叶枯病[27]Exserohilum prolatum Leonard et Suggs[6]/延伸凸脐蠕孢[33] Exserohilum leaf spota(Rostratum leaf spot)Exserohilum rostratum (Drechsler) Leonard et Suggs / Setosphaeria rostrata Leonard[5]/嘴突凸脐蠕孢[33]/ 嘴突刚毛球腔菌c Eyespot北方炭疽病[10-11]/Kabatiella zeae Narita et Hiratsuka[5]/玉蜀黍球梗孢[33-34] Fusarium leaf scorch镰孢叶焦病b/Fusarium verticillioides (Saccardo) Nirenberg[5]/拟轮枝镰孢[42] Fusarium top rot镰孢顶腐病[14]梢腐病[27]Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon var. subglutinans Wollenweber et Reinking[16]Fusarium subglutinans (Wollenweber et Reinking) Nelson, Toussoun et Marasas[72]亚黏团镰孢[16] Gray leaf spot灰斑病[[10-11,27]霉斑病[10]Cercospora sorghi Ellis et Everhartvar. maydis Ellis et Everhart[6]/高粱尾孢玉蜀黍变种[11,73] Cercospora zeae-maydis Tehon et Daniels[5] /玉蜀黍尾孢[11] Cercospora zeina Crous et Braun[5]/玉米尾孢[74] Hyalothyridium leaf spot透斑菌叶斑病b/Astromella spp.[8]/小星属c Hyalothyridium maydis Latterell et Rossi[5]/玉蜀黍透斑菌c Leptosphaerulina australis McAlpine[8]/澳大利亚小光壳c Leptosphaeria leaf spot小球腔菌叶斑病b黄斑病[11]Leptosphaeria zeae Stout[5] /玉米小球腔菌c Neoascochyta leaf spota(Didymella leaf spot)新壳二孢叶斑病b/Didymella exitialis (Morini) Müller[5]Neoascochyta exitialis (Morini) Qian Chen & L. Cai[75]损毁新壳二孢c Northern corn leaf blight大斑病[10-11]霉纹病[9]、叶斑病[22]Exserohilum turcicum (Passerini) Leonard et Suggs/Setosphaeria turcica (Luttrell) Leonard et Suggs[5]/大斑凸脐蠕孢[33]/大斑刚毛球腔菌[11] Northern corn leaf spot / Carbonum leaf spot圆斑病[10-11]叶枯病[10]Bipolaris zeicola (Stout) Shoemaker/Cochliobolus carbonum Nelson[5]/玉米生平脐蠕孢[33]/ 炭色旋孢腔菌[11] Ophiosphaerella leaf spota (Phaeosphaeria herpotricha leaf spot)蛇孢球腔菌叶斑病b/Phaeosphaeria herpotricha (Fries) Holm[6]Ophiosphaerella herpotricha (Fries) Walker[76]盘蛇孢[77] Paraphaeosphaeria leaf spota (Leptosphaerialeaf spot)异暗球腔菌叶斑病b斑纹病[27]Paraphaeosphaeria michotii (Westendorp) O. E. Eriksson[8]/米氏异暗球腔菌c Phaeosphaeria leaf spot暗球腔菌叶斑病b白点病[11]、黄斑病[11]Phaeosphaeria maydis (Hennings) Rane, Payak and Renfro[5]/玉蜀黍暗球腔菌[11] Phaeosphaeria leaf spota(Leptosphaeria leaf spot)Leptosphaeria variiseptata G. L. Stout[5]Phaeosphaeria variiseptata (G.L. Stout) Shoemaker & C.E. Babcock[78]变隔暗球腔菌c Physoderma brown spot褐斑病[9-11,22]/Physoderma maydis (Miyabe) Miyabe[5]/玉蜀黍节壶菌[33-34] Rhizoctonia banded leaf and sheath blight纹枯病[10-11]/Rhizoctonia cerealis van der Hoeven[79]/禾谷丝核菌[33] Rhizoctonia solani Kühn[5]/茄丝核菌[33] Rhizoctonia zeae Voorhees[80]/玉蜀黍丝核菌[33-34] Selenophoma leaf spot壳月孢叶斑病b/Selenophoma spp.[5]/壳月孢属[33-34] 续表2 Continued table 2 病害名称Name of maize disease病原名称Pathogen name 英文名称 English name汉译名称及文献 Chinese name and literature曾用中文名称Other Chinese name and literature病原及文献 Pathogen and literature病原新分类名称及文献New taxonomy of pathogen and literature病原汉译名称及文献Chinese name ofpathogen and literature Septoria leaf blotch壳针孢斑点病b斑枯病[10-11,27]Septoria maydis Schulzer et Saccardo[6]/玉米壳针孢[33,81] Septoria zeina Stout[10,82] Septoria zeae Stout[81]玉蜀黍壳针孢[33-34] Southern corn leaf blight小斑病[10-11]胡麻叶斑病[9]Bipolaris maydis (Nisikado et Miyake) Shoemaker/Cochliobolus heterostrophus (Drechsler) Drechsler[5]/玉蜀黍平脐蠕孢[33]/异旋孢腔菌[33] Southern rust南方锈病[11]热带锈病[27]Puccinia polysora Underwood[5]/多堆柄锈菌[33] Stenocarpella leaf spot(Diplodia (Stenocarpella) leaf spot)狭壳柱孢叶斑病b/Stenocarpella maydis (Berkeley) Sutton[5]/玉米狭壳柱孢[33,48] Stenocarpella leaf streak(Diplodia (Stenocarpella) leaf streak)狭壳柱孢条斑病b/Stenocarpella macrospora (Earle) Sutton[5]/大孢狭壳柱孢[33,48] Tar spot complex靶斑病b黑痣病[11,27]Monographella maydis Müller et Samuels[5]Microdochium maydis (Müller et Samuels) M. Hernández-Restrepo & Crous[83]玉蜀黍微座孢c Phyllachora maydis Maublanc[5]/玉蜀黍黑痣菌[11,84] Tropic rust热带锈病[11]/Physopella pallescens (Arthur) Cummins et Ramachar[7]/苍白壳锈菌c Physopella zeae (Mains) Cummins et Ramachar[5] /玉米壳锈菌[11] Yellow leaf blight 叶黄枯病[11,27]叶斑病[9]Phyllosticta maydis Arny et Nelson[5]Didymella maydis (Arny et Nelson) Chen & Cai[75]玉蜀黍亚隔孢壳c Zonate leaf spot豹纹病[10-11]/Gloeocercospora sorghi Bain et Edgerton ex Deighton[5]Microdochium sorghi (Bain et Edgerton ex Deighton) Braun[85]高粱微座孢c Downy mildew霜霉病 Brown stripe downy mildew褐条霜霉病[86]褐纹霜霉病[11]Sclerophthora rayssiae Kenneth, Koltin et Wahl[5]Sclerophthora rayssiae Kenneth, Koltin et Wahl var. zeae Payak et Renfro[87]褐条指疫霉玉蜀黍变种[88] Crazy top downy mildew疯顶霜霉病[14]疯病[10]、玉米指疫霉病/疯顶病[11]Sclerophthora macrospora (Saccardo) Thirumalachar, Shaw et Narasimhan[5]Sclerophthora macrospora (Saccardo) Thirumalachar, Shaw et Narasimhan var. maydis Liu et Zhang[47]大孢指疫霉玉蜀黍变种[33,47] Graminicola downy mildew禾生霜霉病[11]白发病[10]Sclerospora graminicola (Saccardo) Schröter[5]/禾生指梗霜霉[47] Jawa downy mildew爪哇霜霉病b玉米霜霉病[11]Peronosclerospora maydis (Raciborsky) Shaw[5]/玉蜀黍指霜霉[33,47] Leaf splitting downy mildew裂叶霜霉病b/Peronosclerospora miscanthi (Miyake) Shaw[5]/芒指霜霉[47] Philippine downy mildew菲律宾霜霉病[11]霜霉病[10]Peronosclerospora philippinensis (Weston) Shaw[5]/菲律宾指霜霉[33,47] Rajasthan downy mildew拉贾斯坦霜霉病b/Peronosclerospora heteropogoni Siradhana, Dange, Rathore and Singh[5]/异穗指霜霉[89] Sorghum downy mildew蜀黍霜霉病b霜霉病[10]、高粱霜霉病[11]Peronosclerospora sorghi (Weston and Uppal) Shaw[5]/蜀黍指霜霉[33,47] Spontaneum downy mildew自发霜霉病b霜霉病[10]Peronosclerospora spontanea (Weston) Shaw[5]/自发指霜霉[47] Sugarcane downy mildew禾黍霜霉病b甘蔗霜霉病[11]Peronosclerospora sacchari (Miyake) Shirai and Hara[5]/甘蔗指霜霉[33,47]

表3 玉米穗部真菌病害、病原及其汉译名称

Table 3 Fungal diseases and causal agents in maize ear and their Chinese names

   
   
   

病害名称Name of maize disease病原名称Pathogen name 英文名称English name汉译名称及文献 Chinese name and literature曾用中文名称Other Chinese name and literature病原及文献Pathogen and literature病原新分类名称及文献New taxonomy of pathogen and literature病原汉译名称及文献Chinese name ofpathogen and literature Aspergillus ear rot曲霉穗腐病[14]曲霉病[10,27]Aspergillus flavus Link: Fries[5]/黄曲霉[33-35] Aspergillus glaucus (Linnaeus) Link[6]/灰绿曲霉[33-35] Aspergillus oryzae (Ahlburg) Cohn[8]/米曲霉[33-35] Aspergillus parasiticus Speare[5]/寄生曲霉[33-34] Aspergillus ear rota(Black mold)Aspergillus niger van Tieghem[5]/黑曲霉[33-35] Black ear rot炭腐穗腐病[14]黑腐病[27]Bipolaris zeicola (Stout) Shoemaker[5]/玉米生平脐蠕孢[33] Black kernel rot穗黑腐病[11]Botryodiplodia anasseae Patouillard[6]Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Patouillard) Griffon et Maublanc[90]可可毛色二孢菌[33] Botryodiplodia tubericola (Ellis et Everhart) Petrák[6]Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Patouillard) Griffon et Maublanc[91]可可毛色二孢菌[33] Botryodiplodia theobromae Patouillard[5] Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Patouillard) Griffon et Maublanc[91]可可毛色二孢菌[33] Diplodia gossipina Cooke[6]Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Patouillard) Griffon et Maublanc[91]可可毛色二孢菌[33] Sarocladium ear rot(Cephalosporium kernel rot)帚枝杆孢穗腐病[92]/Acremonium strictum Gams[6]Sarocladium strictum (Gams) Summerbell[58]直帚枝杆孢[92] Charcoal ear rot炭色穗腐病b/Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goidànich[6]/菜豆壳球孢[33-34] Cladosporium ear rot枝孢穗腐病[14]穗黑变病[11]Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresenius) de Vries[5]/枝状枝孢[33,93] Cladosporium herbarum (Persoon: Fries) Link[5]/多主枝孢[33-34,93] Common smut瘤黑粉病[11]黑穗病[9]、黑粉病[10,22]Ustilago maydis (DeCandolle) Corda[5]Mycosarcoma maydis (DeCandolle) Brefeld[94]玉蜀黍瘿黑粉菌[92] Stenocarpella ear rot(Diplodia (Stenocarpella) ear rot)狭壳柱孢穗腐病b穗粒干腐病[10]、干腐病[27]Stenocarpella macrospora (Earle) Sutton[5]/大孢狭壳柱孢[33,48] Stenocarpella maydis (Berkeley) Sutton[5]/玉米狭壳柱孢[33,48] Ergot麦角病b/Claviceps gigantae Fuentes, Isla, Ullstrup et Rodríguez[5]/巨大麦角菌[35] False smut假黑粉病[10]/Ustilaginoidea virens (Cooke) Takahashi[5]/稻绿核菌[33] Fusarium ear rot/pink ear rot镰孢穗腐病[13]穗枯病[9]、粉腐病[10]、赤霉穗腐病[11]Fusarium andiyazi Marasas, Rheeder, Lamprecht, K.A. Zeller & J.F. Leslie[95]/新知镰孢[96] Fusarium camptoceras Wollenweber & Reinking[97]/弯角镰孢[97] Fusarium chlamydosporum Wollenweber & Reinking[98]/厚垣镰孢[35] Fusarium concentricum Nirenberg & O’Donnell[99]/轮纹镰孢[100] 续表3 Continued table 3 病害名称Name of maize disease病原名称Pathogen name 英文名称English name汉译名称及文献 Chinese name and literature曾用中文名称Other Chinese name and literature病原及文献Pathogen and literature病原新分类名称及文献New taxonomy of pathogen and literature病原汉译名称及文献Chinese name ofpathogen and literature Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Saccardo[101]/木贼镰孢[33-34] Fusarium fujikuroi Nirenberg[102]/藤仓镰孢[103] Fusarium kyushuense O’Donnell & T. Aoki[104]/九州镰孢[105] Fusarium napiforme Marasas, P.E. Nelson & Rabie[98]/芜菁状镰孢[106] Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtendal emend. Snyder et Hansen[5]/尖镰孢[33] Fusarium poae (Peck) Wollenweber[5]/早熟禾镰孢[33-34] Fusarium proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg ex Gerlach et Nirenberg[5]/层出镰孢[17] Fusarium pseudonygamai Nirenberg & O’Donnell[98]/拟奈革麦镰孢c Fusarium sacchari (E.J. Butler) W. Gams[99]/甘蔗镰孢[100] Fusarium semitectum Berkeley & Ravenel[107]/半裸镰孢[34-35] Fusarium solani (Martius) Saccardo[107]/茄镰孢[34] Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherbakoff[5]/拟分枝孢镰孢[34] Fusarium subglutinans (Wollenweber et Reinking) Nelson, Toussoun et Marasas[5]/亚黏团镰孢[16] Fusarium temperatum Scauflaire et Munaut[5,108-109]/温带镰孢c Fusarium tricinctum (Corda) Saccardo[5]/三隔镰孢[34] Fusarium verticillioides (Saccardo) Nirenberg[5]/拟轮枝镰孢[42] Fusarium ear rot(Fusarium globosum kernel infection)Fusarium globosum Rheeder, Marasas et Nelson[7,110]/球镰孢c Fusarium ear rot(Fusarium scirpi in grain)Fusarium scirpi Lambotte et Fautrey[7]/藨草镰孢[33-34] Gibberella ear rot/red ear rot赤霉穗腐病[11]赤霉病[10]Fusarium acuminatum Ellis & Everhart[107]/锐顶镰孢[111] Fusarium asiaticum O’onnell, T. Aoki, Kistler & Geiser[101,112]/亚洲镰孢[113] Fusarium avenaceum (Fries) Saccardo[10]/燕麦镰孢[33] Fusarium boothii O’Donnell, Aoki, Kistler & Geiser[114]/布氏镰孢[114] Fusarium crookwellense L.W. Burgess, P.E. Nelson & Toussoun[107]/克鲁克威尔镰孢[97] Fusarium culmorum (Smith) Saccardo[5]/黄色镰孢[33] Fusarium graminearum Schwabe[5]/禾谷镰孢[33] Fusarium incarnatum (Roberge) Saccardo[102]/变红镰孢[115] Fusarium meridionale Aoki, Kistler, Geiser & O’Donnell[8,114]/南方镰孢[114] Gray ear rot穗灰腐病[11]/Botryosphaeria zeae (Stout) Arx et Müller[5]/玉蜀黍葡萄座腔菌[116] 续表3 Continued table 3 病害名称Name of maize disease病原名称Pathogen name 英文名称English name汉译名称及文献 Chinese name and literature曾用中文名称Other Chinese name and literature病原及文献Pathogen and literature病原新分类名称及文献New taxonomy of pathogen and literature病原汉译名称及文献Chinese name ofpathogen and literature Head smut丝黑穗病[9-11]黑头病[22]Sphacelotheca reiliana (Kühn) Clinton[5]Sporisorium reilianum (Kühn) Langdon and Fullerton[8]丝孢堆黑粉菌[33,117] Nigrospora ear rot/Dry ear rot黑孢穗腐病[11,14]裂轴病[10]Nigrospora oryzae (Berkeley et Broome) Petch[5]/稻黑孢[33-34] Penicillium ear rot青霉穗腐病[11]绿霉病[22]、青霉病[27]Penicillium chrysogenum Thom[5]/产黄青霉[33-34,46] Penicillium cyclopium Westling[5]/圆弧青霉[33-35] Penicillium expansum Link[5]/扩展青霉[33-34,46] Penicillium funiculosum Thom[5]/绳状青霉[33-35,46] Penicillium glaucum Link[5]/灰绿青霉[33] Penicillium oxalicum Currie et Thom[5]/草酸青霉[33-35,46] Penicillium verrucosum Dierckx[8]/疣状青霉[46] Penicillium viridicatum Westling[5]/鲜绿青霉[33-35,46] Talaromyces radicus (A.D. Hocking et Whitelaw) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert[14]/放射篮状菌[14] Red kernal disease红粒病b红斑病[27]Epicoccum nigrum Link[6]Epicoccum purpurascens Ehrenberg ex Schlech[68]紫附球霉c Epicoccum purpurascens Ehrenberg ex Schlechtendal[6]/紫附球霉c Rhizoctonia ear rot丝核菌穗腐病b褐色菌核病[10]Rhizoctonia zeae Voorhees[5]/玉蜀黍丝核菌[33-34] Rhizoctonia ear rot(Corticium ear rot)Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk[7]Rhizoctonia solani Kühn[14]茄丝核菌[33] Rhizopus ear rot根霉穗腐病b根霉病[27]Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenberg) Vuillemin[8]/匍枝根霉[33-34] Sclerotium ear rot菌核菌穗腐病b红色菌核病[27]Sclerotium rolfsii Saccardo[6]/齐整小核菌[33-34] Microdochium ear rota(seed-borne)微座孢穗腐病b/Microdochium seminicola Hernández-Restrepo, Seifert, Clear & B. Dorn[83]/种生微座孢c Shuck rot苞叶腐烂病b/Myrothecium gramineum Libert[7]/禾漆斑菌[33-34] Trichoderma ear rot木霉穗腐病[14]木霉病、红粉病[10]Trichoderma asperellum Samuels, Lieckfeldt & Nirenberg[101]/棘孢木霉[33] Trichoderma hamatum (Bonorden) Bainier[6]/钩状木霉[33] Trichoderma harzianum Rifai[6]/哈茨木霉[33] Trichoderma koningii Oudemans[6]/康宁木霉[33] Trichoderma koningiopsis Samuels, C. Suárez & H.C. Evans[101]/拟康宁木霉[118] Trichoderma lignorum (Tode) Harz[6]/木素木霉[33-34] Trichoderma ovalisporum Samuels & Schroers[101]/卵孢木霉[118] Trichoderma viride Persoon: Fries[5] /绿色木霉[33-34] Trichothecium ear rota(Trichoderma ear rot)单端孢穗腐病b/Trichoderma roseum (Persoon) Link[6]Trichothecium roseum (Persoon) Link ex Gray[58]粉红单端孢[33-34]

表4 玉米茎部真菌/卵菌病害、病原及其汉译名称

Table 4 Fungal and oomycetes diseases and causal agents in maize stalk and their Chinese names

   

病害名称Name of maize disease病原名称Pathogen name 英文名称English name汉译名称及文献 Chinese name and literature曾用中文名称Other Chinese name and literature病原及文献Pathogen and literature病原新分类名称及文献New taxonomy of pathogen and literature病原汉译名称及文献Chinese name ofpathogen and literature Sarocladium stalk rota(Acremonium zeae stalk rot)帚枝杆孢茎腐病b/Acremonium zeae Gams et Sumner[6]Sarocladium zeae (Gams et Sumner) Summerbell[58]玉米帚枝杆孢c Anthracnose stalk rot炭疽茎腐病[11]/Colletotrichum graminicola (Cesati) Wilson / Glomerella graminicola Politis[5]/禾生炭疽菌[33] /禾生小丛壳[59] Black bundle disease黑束病[10-11]/Cephalosporium acremonium Corda[5]Sarocladium strictum (Gams) Summerbell[58]直帚枝杆孢[93] Botrytis stalk rot葡萄孢茎腐病b/Botrytis cinerea Persoon[6]/灰葡萄孢[33-35] Charcoal stalk rot炭腐茎腐病[11]炭腐病[10]Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goidànich[5]/菜豆壳球孢[33-34] Stenocarpella stalk rot(Diplodia (Stenocarpella) stalk rot)狭壳柱孢茎腐病b干腐病[10]、壳色单隔孢茎腐病[11]Stenocarpella maydis (Berkeley) Sutton[5]/玉米狭壳柱孢[33,48] Fusarium stalk rots镰孢茎腐病[11]青枯病[10]Fusarium proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg ex Gerlach et Nirenberg[5]/层出镰孢[17] Fusarium subglutinans (Wollenweber et Reinking) Nelson, Toussoun et Marasas[5]/亚黏团镰孢[16] Fusarium temperatum Scauflaire et Munaut[8]/温带镰孢c Fusarium verticillioides (Saccardo) Nirenberg[5] /拟轮枝镰孢[42] Gibberella stalk rot赤霉茎腐病[11]青枯病[10]Fusarium graminearum Schwabe/Gibberella zeae (Schweinitz) Petch[5]/禾谷镰孢/玉蜀黍赤霉[33] Late wilt晚萎病[10-11]/Harpophora maydis (Samra, Sabet and Hingorani) Gams[5]Magnaporthiopsis maydis (Samra, Sabet and Hingorani) Klaubauf, Lebrun & Crous[119]玉蜀黍拟巨座壳c Take all全蚀病[11]/Gaeumannomyces graminis (Saccardo) Arx et Olivier var. maydis Yao, Wang et Zhu[30]/禾顶囊壳玉米变种[33] Marasmius root and stalk rot小皮伞茎腐病b/Marasmiellus inoderma (Berkeley) Singer[6]/纤状微皮伞c Marasmius graminum (Libert) Berkeley sensu Singer var. brevispora Dennis[6]/禾生小皮伞短孢变种[120] Marasmius sacchari Wakker var. hawaiiensis Cobb[6]/甘蔗小皮伞夏威夷变种[33-34] Nigrospora stalk rot黑孢茎腐病[11]/Nigrospora oryzae (Berkeley et Broome) Petch[5]/稻黑孢[33-34] Phaeocytostroma stalk rota (Phaeocytostroma stalk infection)暗色座腔孢茎腐病[11]/Phaeocytostroma ambiguum (Montagne) Petrak[5]/含糊暗色座腔孢[33] Setophoma stalk rota(Pyrenochaeta stalk rot)棘壳孢茎腐病[11]Pyrenochaeta terrestris (Hansen) Gorenz, Walker et Larson[6]Setophoma terrestris (Hansen) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley[57]土栖棘壳孢c Pythium stalk rot腐霉茎腐病[11]基腐病[10]Pythium acanthicum Drechsler[121]/棘腐霉[33-34,47] Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzpatrick[5]/瓜果腐霉[33-35,47] Pythium aristosporum Vanterpool[122]/芒孢腐霉[35,47] Pythium arrhenomanes Drechsler[121]/强雄腐霉[33,35,47] Pythium butleri Subramaniam[6]Pythium aphanidermatum(Edson) Fitzpatrick[47]瓜果腐霉[33-35,47] Pythium graminicola Subramanian[121]/禾生腐霉[33-34,47] Pythium inflatum Matthews[121]/肿囊腐霉[33-34,47] Rhizoctonia stalk rot丝核菌茎腐病b/Rhizoctonia solani Kühn[7]/茄丝核菌[33] Sclerotinia stalk rot核盘菌茎腐病b白腐病[10]Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Libert) de Bary[6]/核盘菌[33-34] Sheath rot鞘腐病[17]/Fusarium proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg ex Gerlach et Nirenberg[17]/层出镰孢[17] Sordaria stalk rota (Sordaria fimicola stalk infection)粪壳菌茎腐病b/Sordaria fimicola (Roberge ex Desmazières) Cesati et De Notaris[7]/粪生粪壳[34]

表5 玉米细菌病害、病原及其汉译名称

Table 5 Bacterial diseases and causal agents of maize and their Chinese names

   
   

病害名称Name of maize disease病原名称Pathogen name 英文名称English name汉译名称及文献 Chinese name and literature曾用中文名称Other Chinese name and literature病原及文献Pathogen and literature病原新分类名称及文献New taxonomy of pathogen and literature病原汉译名称及文献Chinese name ofpathogen and literature Bacterial seed rot-seedling blight细菌性种腐-苗枯病b/Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg 1835) Cohn 1872[7]/枯草芽孢杆菌[33,36-37] Bacterial leaf blight细菌性叶枯病[11]/Pseudomonas avenae Manns 1909 subsp. avenae Manns 1991[5]Acidovorax avenae (Manns 1909) Willems, Goor, Thielemans, Gillis, Kersters & De Ley 1992 emend. Schaad et al. 2008[123]燕麦食酸菌[36-37] Bacterial leaf streak 细菌性条斑病b甘蔗细菌性萎蔫病[11]Xanthomonas vasicola Vauterin, Hoste, Kersters & Swings 1995 pv. vasculorum (Cobb 1894) comb. nov.[124-126]/居维管束黄单胞菌维管束致病变种[127] Xanthomonas campestris (Pammel 1895) Dowson 1939pv. zeae[5] Xanthomonas vasicola Vauterin, Hoste, Kersters & Swings 1995 pv. zeae[128]居维管束黄单胞菌玉米致病变种c Bacterial stripe and leaf spot细菌性条纹病[10-11]/Pseudomonas andropogonis Smith 1911[5]Robbsia andropogonis (Smith 1911) Lopes-Santos, Castro, Ferreira-Tonin, CorrIa, Weir, Park, Ottoboni, Neto & Destefano 2017[129]须芒草罗伯氏菌c Chocolate spot细菌性巧克力斑点病[11]细菌斑点病[27]Pseudomonas syringae van Hall, 1904pv. coronafaciens (Elliott 1920) Young, Dye & Wilkie 1978[5]Pseudomonas coronafaciens (ex Elliott 1920) Schaad & Cunfer 1979[130]晕斑假单胞菌[131] Holcus spot细菌性褐斑病[11]/Pseudomonas syringae van Hall, 1904 pv. syringae van Hall 1904[5]/丁香假单胞菌丁香致病变种[33] Maize white spot细菌性白斑病b/Pantoea ananatis (Serrano 1928) Mergaert, Verdonck & Kersters 1993[132]/菠萝泛菌[33,36-37] Pantoea leaf spot泛菌叶斑病[12]/Pantoea ananatis (Serrano 1928) Mergaert, Verdonck & Kersters 1993[12]/菠萝泛菌[33,36-37] Bacillus leaf spot芽孢杆菌叶斑病[12]/Bacillus megaterium de Bary 1884[12]/巨大芽孢杆菌[33,36-37] Bacterial top rot细菌性顶腐病[13]/Erwinia carotovora (Jones 1901) Bergey, Harrison, Breed, Hammer and Huntoon 1923subsp. carotovora (Jones 1901) Dye 1969[6] Pectobacterium carotovorum (Jones 1901) Waldee 1945 subsp. carotovorum(Jones) Hauben, Moore, Vauterin, Steenackers, Mergaert, Verdonck & Swings 1999[133-134]胡萝卜软腐果胶杆菌胡萝卜亚种[36] Klebsiella pneumoniae (Schroeter 1886) Trevisan 1887[14,135]/肺炎克雷伯氏菌[36-37] Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter 1872) Migula 1900[14]/铜绿假单胞菌[33,36-37] Serratia marcescens Bizio 1819[14]/黏质沙雷氏菌[33,36] Sphingomonas sp.[14]/鞘氨醇单胞菌[33,37] Bacterial stalk rot细菌性茎腐病[10-11]/Erwinia carotovora (Jones 1901) Bergey, Harrison, Breed, Hammer and Huntoon 1923 subsp. carotovora (Jones 1901) Dye 1969[5]Pectobacterium carotovorum (Jones 1901) Waldee 1945 subsp. carotovorum(Jones) Hauben, Moore, Vauterin, Steenackers, Mergaert, Verdonck & Swings 1999[133]胡萝卜软腐果胶杆菌胡萝卜亚种[36] 续表5 Continued table 5 病害名称Name of maize disease病原名称Pathogen name 英文名称English name汉译名称及文献 Chinese name and literature曾用中文名称Other Chinese name and literature病原及文献Pathogen and literature病原新分类名称及文献New taxonomy of pathogen and literature病原汉译名称及文献Chinese name ofpathogen and literature Bacterial dry stalk rot细菌干茎腐病[12]/Pantoea agglomerans (Ewing and Fife 1975) Gavini Mergaert, Beji, Mielcarek, Izard, Kersters and De Ley 1989[12]/成团泛菌[33,36-37] Bacterial ear rot细菌性穗腐病[12]/Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (Hugh 1981)Palleroni & Bradbury 1993[14]/嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌[33,36] Bacterial sheath brown rot细菌性鞘褐腐病b/Pseudomonas fuscovaginae (ex Tanii, Miyajima and Akita 1976) Miyajima, Tanii and Akita 1983[136]/褐鞘假单胞菌[33,37] Bacterial basal stalk rot细菌茎基腐病[12]/Bacillus pumilus Meyer and Gottheil 1901[14]/短小芽孢杆菌[36-37] Stewart’s bacterial wilt细菌性枯萎病[10-11]/Pantoea stewartii (Smith) Mergaert, Verdonck & Kersters 1993 subsp. stewartii (Smith) Mergaert, Verdonck & Kersters 1993[5]/斯氏泛菌斯氏亚种[33,37] Goss’s bacterial wilt and blight内州萎蔫病[137]尼州细菌性凋萎病[11]Clavibacter michigenensis (Smith) Davis, Gillaspies, Vidaver & Harris subsp. nebraskense (Vidaver and Mandel) Davis, Gillaspsie Jr., Vidaver and Harris[5]/密执安棒形杆菌内州亚种[33] Corn stunt玉米矮缩病b/Spiroplasma kunkelii Whitcomb, Chen, Williamsons, Liao & Tully 1986[5]/孔氏螺原体[33,37] Maize bushy stunt玉米丛矮病[11]/Phytoplasma ‘Candidatus’ [5]‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’, subgroup 16SrI-B[138]翠菊植原体暂定种（16SrI-B亚组）[139] Maize redness玉米红化病b/Phytoplasma ‘Candidatus’[5]stolbur phytoplasma (‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’, subgroup 16SrXII-A)[140-142]顽固植原体（茄植原体暂定种，16SrXII-A亚组）c

本文以美国科学家发表的玉米病害著作为主，结合世界各国玉米病害研究文献的收集，汇总了有准确记载的185种玉米病害和286种致病真菌、卵菌、细菌、病毒和线虫，以期为我国植物病理研究者及玉米育种者提供一份较为详尽的玉米病害与病原英文名称及其对应中文名称的目录。在目录整理过程中，发现有大量的致病生物名称已经发生了变化，因此对286种玉米致病生物逐一追踪其分类地位的现状，确定其在现阶段应该采用的科学名称。在此基础上，对27种玉米病害的英文名称提出了修改建议，如致病菌Pythium debaryanum已经被划归Globisporangium属，其所引起的种腐病、苗枯病、根腐病不应再被称为Pythium seed rot、Pythium seedling blight和Pythium root rot，而应改称Globisporangium seed rot、Globisporangium seedling blight和Globisporangium root rot；再如病菌Helminthosporium hawaiiensis已经被重新确定为Curvularia hawaiiensis，其引起的病害名称应该从Helminthosporium leaf spot改称为Curvularia leaf spot。此外，根据多数玉米真菌病害英文名称采用“病菌属名+症状”的方式，将文献中的一些“病原菌种名全名+症状”或“种名的种加词+症状”方式形成的病害英文名称，如Exserohilum prolatum leaf spot和Rostratum leaf spot（致病菌为Exserohilumrostratum）统一修改为Exserohilum leaf spot的病害名称。

3.就业市场不规范，存在着不公平现象。近年来，随着贫富差距加大的趋势日趋严重，“拼爹”现象越来越盛行，人们普遍感到改变命运的渠道越来越窄，这一现象导致了许多平凡家庭出身和贫困家庭出身的大学毕业生在找工作时受到不公平的对待，是否是城乡性质的户口对毕业生的就业有着很大影响。蓝皮书中数据显示，截止 2013 年 9 月底， 来自城市家庭的本科毕业生的就业率是87.7%，而来自农村家庭的本科毕业生的就业率则只有 69.5%。

关于对玉米病害英文名称的汉译，89种病害采用了文献中已有的中文名称，96种给予了新的汉译名称。在我国较早的玉米病害文献中，对玉米病害多采用症状特征的方式确定名称，如“黄斑病”“叶枯病”“黑霉病”“穗黑变病”等，这些通俗描述的症状往往是多种病害共有的症状特征，很难一名对应一种特定的病害。因此笔者选择了文献中具有典型特征或与病害英文名称最为接近的汉译名称作为玉米病害的中文名称。在新译病害名称时，也采用了与病害英文名称形成方式一致的方法确定其汉译名称，以充分体现不同病害的独特性。

表6 玉米病毒病害、病原及其汉译名称

Table 6 Viral diseases and causal agents of maize and their Chinese names

   

病害名称Name of maize disease病原名称Pathogen name 英文名称English name汉译名称及文献 Chinese name and literature曾用中文名称Other Chinese name and literature病原及文献Pathogen and literature病原新分类名称及文献New taxonomy of pathogen and literature病原汉译名称及文献Chinese name ofpathogen and literature American wheat striate mosaic玉米条点花叶病b/American wheat striate mosaic virus[5]Wheat American striate mosaic virus[143]美洲小麦条点花叶病毒[33,38-39] Barley stripe mosaic玉米矮缩病毒病b/Barley stripe mosaic virus[6]/大麦条纹花叶病毒[33,38-39] Barley yellow dwarf玉米红叶病[12]黄矮病[11]Barley yellow dwarf virus[5]Wheat yellow dwarf virus-GPV[144] 小麦黄矮病毒-GPV株系[145] Barley yellow dwarf virus[5]Maize yellow dwarf virus-RMV[146]玉米黄矮病毒-RMV株系[92] Brome mosaic玉米病毒性白斑病b/Brome mosaic virus[5]/雀麦花叶病毒[33,38-39] Cereal chlorotic mottle玉米禾谷褪绿斑驳病b/Cereal chlorotic mottle virus[5]/禾谷褪绿斑驳病毒[38] Cucumber mosaic玉米条纹花叶病b/Cucumber mosaic virus[5]/黄瓜花叶病毒[33,38-39] High plains disease玉米高原病毒病[147]/Wheat mosaic virus[5] Maize red stripe virus[148]玉米红条纹病毒c Maize chlorotic dwarf玉米褪绿矮缩病[11]/Maize chlorotic dwarf virus[5]/玉米褪绿矮缩病毒[33,38-39] Maize chlorotic mottle玉米褪绿斑驳病[11]/Maize chlorotic mottle virus[5]/玉米褪绿斑驳病毒[33,38-39] Maize dwarf mosaic玉米矮花叶病[11]矮缩花叶病[10]Johnsongrass mosaic virus[5] /石茅高粱花叶病毒[33,38-39] Maize dwarf mosaic virus[5] /玉米矮花叶病毒[33,38-39] Pennisetum mosaic virus[5] /白草花叶病毒[149] Sorghum mosaic virus[5]/高粱花叶病毒[33,38-39] Sugarcane mosaic virus[5]/甘蔗花叶病毒[33,38-39] Zea mosaic virus[5] /玉蜀黍属花叶病毒c Maize fine streak玉米细条纹病毒病b/Maize fine streak virus[5]/玉米细条病毒c Maize leaf fleck玉米枯斑病毒病b枯叶斑病[27]Maize leaf fleck virus[5]Barley yellow dwarf viruse[33]大麦黄矮病毒[33,38] Maize lethal necrosis玉米致死性坏死病[11]/Maize chlorotic mottle virus + Potyviridae[5]/玉米褪绿斑驳病毒+马铃薯Y病毒科病毒[33,38-39] Maize mosaic玉米花叶病[10-11]/Maize mosaic virus[5]/玉米花叶病毒[33,38-39] Maize necrotic streak玉米坏死条纹病b/Maize necrotic streak virus[5]/玉米坏死线条病毒[150] Maize rayado fino玉米雷亚多非纳病毒病b细条斑病[11]Maize rayado fino virus[5]/玉米雷亚朵非纳病毒[39] Maize rough dwarf玉米粗缩病[10-11]黑条矮缩病[10]Maize rough dwarf virus[5] /玉米粗缩病毒[33,38-39] Mal de rio cuarto virus[5]/里奥夸尔托病毒[39] Rice black-streaked dwarf virus[5]/水稻黑条矮缩病毒[33,38-39] Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus[151]/南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒[151] Maize sterile stunt玉米不育矮化病b/Maize sterile stunt virus[6]Barley yellow striate mosaic virus[152]大麦黄条点花叶病毒[33,38-39] Maize streak玉米条斑病毒病[11]条点病[10]Maize streak virus[5]/玉米线条病毒[33,38-39] Maize stripe玉米条纹病毒病[11]/Maize stripe virus[5]/玉米条纹病毒[33,38-39] Maize white line mosaic玉米白线花叶病b/Maize white line mosaic virus[5]/玉米白线花叶病毒[33,38-39] Maize yellow mosaic玉米黄花叶病b/Maize yellow mosaic virus[153]/玉米黄化花叶病毒[154] Maize yellow stripe玉米黄条病毒病b/Maize yellow stripe virus[7,155]/玉米黄条病毒[33,38] Rice stripe玉米褪绿条纹病b/Rice stripe virus[5]/水稻条纹病毒[33,38-39] Wheat spot mosaic玉米斑点花叶病b/Wheat spot mosaic virus[6]/小麦斑点花叶病毒[38] Wheat streak mosaic玉米条斑花叶病[30]小麦条纹花叶病[11]Wheat streak mosaic virus[5]/小麦线条花叶病毒[33,38-39] ?d//Maize streak Reunion virus[156-157]/留尼旺玉米线条病毒[154] ?d//Maize-associated pteridovirus[158]/玉米相关的蕨类病毒c ?d//Maize-associated totivirus 1[159-161]/玉米相关的整体病毒1[154] ?d//Maize-associated umbravirus[154]/玉米相关的形影病毒[154]

d：只检测出病毒类型，未进行病毒纯化和接种玉米 Only detection of maize-associated virus, which not purified and inoculated on maize

表7 玉米线虫病害、病原及其汉译名称

Table 7 Nematode diseases and causal agents of maize and their Chinese names

   
   

病害名称Name of maize disease病原名称Pathogen name 英文名称English name汉译名称及文献 Chinese name and literature曾用中文名称Other Chinese name and literature线虫及文献Nematode and literature病原新分类名称及文献New taxonomy of pathogen and literature病原汉译名称及文献Chinese name ofpathogen and literature Awl nematode玉米锥线虫病[11]/Dolichodorus heterocephalus Cobb, 1914[5] /异头锥线虫[33] Bulb and stem nematode玉米茎线虫病b/Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn, 1857) Filipjev, 1936[7]/起绒草茎线虫[33,40] Burrowing nematode玉米穿孔线虫病[11]/Radopholus similis (Cobb, 1893) Thorne, 1949[7]/相似穿孔线虫[33,40] Cyst nematode玉米胞囊线虫病[11]/Heterodera avenae Wollenweber, 1924[7]/燕麦胞囊线虫[40] Heterodera zeae Koshy, Swarup and Sethi, 1970[5] /玉米胞囊线虫[162] Punctodera chalcoensis Stone, Sosa Moss and Mulvey, 1976[5] /查尔科斑皮线虫[33] Vittatidera zeaphila Bernard, Handoo, Powers, Donald & Heinz, 2010[5]/玉米横纹线虫c Dagger nematode玉米剑线虫病[11]/Xiphinema americanum Cobb, 1913[5] /美洲剑线虫[33,40] Xiphinema chambersi Thorne, 1939[8]/腔室剑线虫[163] Xiphinema mediterraneum Martelli and Lamberti, 1967[7]Xiphinema pachtaicum (Tulaganov, 1938) Kirjanova, 1951[164]肥厚剑线虫[165] Xiphinema rivesi Dalmasso, 1969[8]/里夫丝剑线虫[33] False root knot nematode 玉米假根结线虫病b/Nacobbus dorsalis Thorne & Allen, 1944[7]/背侧珍珠线虫[40] Lance nematode玉米枪线虫病[11]/Hoplolaimus columbus Sher, 1963[5]Basirolaimus columbus (Sher, 1963) Shamsi 1979[166]哥伦布斯基唇线虫[40] Hoplolaimus galeatus (Cobb, 1913) Thorne, 1935[5]/帽状纽带线虫[33] Hoplolaimus indicus Sher, 1963[7]Basirolaimus indicus (Sher, 1963) Shamsi 1979[166]印度基唇线虫[40] Needle nematode玉米长针线虫病[11]/Longidorus breviannulatus Norton & Hoffmann, 1975[5]/短环长针线虫[33] Nematode stunt disease玉米线虫矮化病[19]/Trichotylenchus changlingensis (Xu, Xie, Zeng, Chen & Zhou, 2011) Geraert, 2011[19]/长岭发垫刃线虫[19] Ring nematode玉米环线虫病[11]/Criconemellaornata (Raski, 1958) Luc & Raski, 1981[5] Mesocriconema ornatum (Raski, 1958) Loof & de Grisse, 1989[167] 装饰中环线虫[168] Criconemella sphaerocephala (Taylor, 1936) Luc et Raski, 1981[5]Mesocriconema sphaerocephala(Taylor, 1936) Loof, 1989[167] 球头中环线虫c Root lesion nematode玉米根腐线虫病[11]/Pratylenchus brachyurus (Godfrey, 1929) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941[5] /最短尾短体线虫[40] Pratylenchus crenatus Loof, 1960[7]/刻痕短体线虫[33,40] Pratylenchus hexincisus Taylor & Jenkins, 1957[5]/六纹短体线虫[40] Pratylenchus neglectus (Rensch, 1924) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941[5] /落选短体线虫[33,40] Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb, 1917) Filipjev and Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941[5]/穿刺短体线虫[33,40] Pratylenchus scribneri Steiner, 1943[5]/斯氏短体线虫[40] Pratylenchus thornei Sher & Allen, 1953[7]/索氏短体线虫[40] Pratylenchus zeae Graham, 1951[5]/玉米短体线虫[33,40] 续表7 Continued table 7 病害名称Name of maize disease病原名称Pathogen name 英文名称English name汉译名称及文献 Chinese name and literature曾用中文名称Other Chinese name and literature线虫及文献Nematode and literature病原新分类名称及文献New taxonomy of pathogen and literature病原汉译名称及文献Chinese name ofpathogen and literature Root-knot nematode玉米根结线虫病[11]/Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal, 1889) Chitwood, 1949[5] /花生根结线虫[33,40] Meloidogyne chitwoodi Golden, O'Bannon, Santo, and Finley, 1980[5] /奇氏根结线虫[33] Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood, 1949[5]/北方根结线虫[33,40] Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949[5]/南方根结线虫[33,40] Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949[5]/爪哇根结线虫[33,40] Spiral nematode玉米螺旋线虫病[11]/Helicotylenchus digonicus Perry, 1959[5]/双角螺旋线虫[33,40] Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb, 1893) Sher, 1961[5] /双宫螺旋线虫[33,40] Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus (Steiner, 1914) Golden, 1956[5]/假强壮螺旋线虫[33,40] Scutellonema brachyurum (Steiner, 1938) Andrássy, 1958[5]/小尾盾线虫[33,40] Sting nematode玉米刺线虫病[11]/Belonolaimus longicaudatum Rau, 1958[5]/长尾刺线虫[40] Stubby-root nematode玉米切根线虫病[11]/Paratrichodorus minor (Colbran, 1956) Siddiqi, 1974[5] /较小拟毛刺线虫[33,40] Paratrichodorus porosus (Allen, 1957) Siddiqi, 1973[8]/胼胝拟毛刺线虫[40] Quinisulcius acutus (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1971[7] /锐利五沟线虫[40] Stunt nematode玉米矮化线虫病[11]/Tylenchorhynchus claytoni Steiner, 1937[5]/克莱顿矮化线虫[33,40] Tylenchorhynchus dubius (Buetschli, 1873) Filipjev, 1936[7] Bitylenchus dubius (Buetschli, 1873) Siddiqi, 1986[169] 不定双垫刃线虫[40] Tylenchorhynchus maximus Allen, 1955[5]Sauertylenchus maximus (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 2000[170]最大索尔垫刃线虫[171] Tylenchorhynchus vulgaris Upadhyay, Swarup & Sethi, 1972[7]/普通矮化线虫[172]

对于病原的汉译名称，主要采用许志刚主编的《拉汉-汉拉植物病原生物名称》中的名称，但对其中一些不准确的名称，则采用相关病原学或分类学专著中给予的名称。对于文献中未有汉译名称的致病生物，作者依据其物种种名的拉丁词根原意推荐了相应的中文名称。

香味成分是决定酒样的香气、口感和风格的关键因素[6]。黑米酒中香气成分GC-MS分析的总离子色谱图见图1，分析结果见表1。

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Reorganization of Maize Disease and Causal Agent Names and Disscution on Their Standardized Translation of Chinese Names

WANG XiaoMing, DUAN CanXing

(Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081)

Abstract: By reorganization of maize diseases and causal agents reported worldwide, a proposal for standardized translation of Chinese names of maize diseases and pathogens has been given in this article. A total of 185 fungal, oomycete, bacterial, viral and nematode diseases and 380 species/times causal agents in maize were gathered from books, including Compendium of Corn Diseases (4th edition, Munkvold G P and White D G, 2016), Maize Diseases (McGEE D C, 1988), Field Crop Diseases (Nyvall R F, 1999), Illustrated Handbook of Maize Diseases, Insect Pests and Weeds in China (Wang X M and Wang Z Y, 2018), The American Phytopathological Society (APSnet, 2019), and some research articles. Some English names of maize diseases were originated from their pathogen species names. Accompanied by advances on scientific knowledge and identification techniques, 62 pathogen species were changed to new taxonomic category, which is different from the old taxonomic name, so the old disease name is not related with the new pathogen name that it will cause the confusion in practice. For international communication on maize diseases with universality, scientificity and normativity, 27 English names of maize diseases are proposed to modify with their new taxonomic names. 185 infectious diseases on maize were collected and reorganized including 123, 20, 26 and 16 diseasescaused by fungi/oomycetes, bacteria, viruses and nematodes, respectively. The 185 maize diseases were caused by 286 pathogenic species/subspecies/varieries/pathovars, included 147 fungi, 34 oomycetes, 20 bacteria and 3 spitoplasm/phytoplasm, 38 viruses and 44 nematodes. The 185 Chinese names of maize diseases have been revised based on the principle of respecting the names published in historical and classic works of Chinese maize diseases or widely adopted in practice, including 96 new Chinese names based on the causal agent names and typical symptoms on maize. For the Chinese name of the maize pathogens, it should be given priority to the name of fungi, bacteria, viruses or nematodes in published plant and medical pathogen monographs, Flora Fungorum Sinicorum and research articles, and to give Chinese name first for the pathogen without Chinese name before based on the original meaning of pathogen’s Latin genus name and species epithet (English in virus). Standardized English names of maize diseases and determined taxonomic status of pathogens will be of benefit to scientific communication among maize disease researchers worldwide and to promote new researches. Under the determination of Chinese names of maize diseases and pathogens, the standardized names will be widely used for preventing translation between English-Chinese name of maize disease and pathogen optionally, and it will provide a correct list for research and teaching on maize diseases to avoid various ambiguities of the names and mistakes of disease-to-pathogen.

Key words: maize; disease; pathogen; Chinese name

doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.02.006

开放科学（资源服务）标识码（OSID）：

收稿日期：2019-08-01；

接受日期：2019-08-21

基金项目：国家重点研发计划（2016YFD0100103）、中国农业科学院科技创新工程

联系方式：王晓鸣（通信作者），E-mail：wangxiaoming@caas.cn

（责任编辑 岳梅）