四、启示
进入20世纪以来,为了保持领先的科研水平与国际竞争力,英国不断加大科研投入,重视基础教育改革,积极开展STEM教育,意在培养更多的高科技人才,以此推动科学技术的进步,促进经济增长。目前英国推行STEM教育面临的最大问题是合格教师紧缺,为了应对这一挑战,英国政府是不遗余力地推出各项政策举措,从师资储备的源头着手,采取各种激励措施吸引优秀人才进入到教育行业,并联合社会各界力量,推出形式多样的培训项目,帮助在职教师提高专业水平。近些年,我们国家也十重视STEM教育的开展,2016年国务院发布《全民科学素养行动计划纲要实施方案(2016—2020年)》鼓励学校及全社会共同努力推进STEM教育。2017年6月,中国教育科学院发布了《中国STEM教育白皮书》,探讨了目前推行STEM教育面临的几大难题,一是缺乏顶层制度设计,二是社会联动机制不够健全,三是师资队伍整体水平不高。
英国政府解决STEM师资储备及培养问题的有益探索可以为我们国家加强STEM师资队伍的建设带来如下启示:
(一)建立激励机制,吸引STEM专业的优秀人才进入教师行业。为了吸引高水平师资,英国政府推出了一系列激励政策,比如文中曾经提及的奖学金制度,以此鼓励更多的STEM毕业生投身教育事业。我们国家也可参照此种做法,在综合性大学的STEM专业设立奖学金制度,鼓励更多年轻学子修读此类专业。
(二)整合多方资源,落实在职培训项目,目前我国中小学STEM师资不仅是面临数量不足的问题,还有师资水平也有待提高。因为STEM学科的跨学科性以及真实情景性,不仅需要学校教师的理论讲授,还需要企业界的专业人士提供技术支持,因此,在职教师的专业培训项目就需要校内外各类机构的合作,为教师提供理论反思与实践操作相结合的专业发展机会。
(三)改善教师薪资待遇,留住高水平的师资。为了留住优秀师资,英国政府也是不断加大教育投入,以此来吸引新教师与留住骨干教师。从2007年至2017年,除了日常用于STEM教育的教学经费外,英国政府为了促进STEM教育开展而花费的追加投入总计为9.9 亿英镑。我们国家中小学教师的待遇也亟待改善,尤其是那些及薄弱学校以紧缺学科的教师待遇,更是需要政府出台特殊的津补贴制度,才能吸引并留住人才。只有切实改善教师待遇了,才会让那些投身于教育行业的STEM毕业生抵御外面的繁华喧嚣,安心做好本职工作。
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