图2 PO-296对DC特异性表面分子表达影响的流式细胞图
Fig 2 Flow cytograms of the effects of PO-296 on the expression of DC specific surface molecules
本课题组前期对抑制T细胞增殖的小分子化合物进行了筛选,发现了一系列具有抑制活性的苯并噁唑衍生物。其中,PO-296可经Jak3/Stat5信号通路有效抑制人T细胞增殖,是一种新型的免疫抑制剂[12]。而近期国外研究发现,Jak3在DC的分化成熟过程中非常重要,当胞外配体与DC膜受体结合后可激活Jak3,继而引起Stat5的酪氨酸磷酸化,启动下游的一系列炎症细胞因子(如IL-10、IL-12、TNF-α)和共刺激分子(如,即特异性表面分子MHCⅡ、CD80和CD86)的转录,从而发挥对T细胞增殖的抑制作用[13-14]。因此,本课题组推测PO-296有可能经Jak3/Stat5信号通路调控DC的成熟分化,并诱导免疫耐受的发生。托法替尼由美国Pfizer公司研发,并于2012年11月获美国FDA批准上市,对Jak3/Stat5信号通路具有明显的抑制作用,故本研究将其作为阳性对照药物[14]。
表1 PO-296对DC特异性表面分子表达的影响(±s,n=3,%%)
Tab 1 Effects of PO-296 on the expression of DC specific surface molecules(±s,n=3,%%)
图3 PO-296对imDC吞噬功能及DC存活情况影响的流式细胞图
Fig 3 Flow cytograms of the effects of PO-296 on imDC phagocytic function and DC survival
本研究以骨髓来源的DC体外诱导模型为对象,初步探讨了经PO-296预处理后DC特异性表面分子MHCⅡ、CD80、CD86、CCR7以及炎症细胞因子IL-10、IL-12、TNF-α的表达情况。其中,MHCⅡ是DC向辅助T细胞呈递自身抗原肽的关键分子,CD80、CD86则是DC活化自反应性T细胞的重要共刺激分子,三者的表达水平在DC成熟分化后均明显升高,是DC成熟分化的重要标志物[4]。CCR7是成熟DC和imDC重要的趋化因子受体,与DC的归巢以及其向非淋巴组织的迁移密切相关[3]。此外,成熟DC通过分泌IL-12、TNF-α等炎症细胞因子来调控Th1的分化以及自身免疫性炎症反应的发生[6]。而IL-10则是重要的免疫负调控因子,可抑制单核巨噬细胞炎症细胞因子的分泌以及自身免疫性T细胞的增殖活化[23]。本研究结果显示,空载组MHCⅡ、CD80、CD86阳性细胞比例均较imDC显著升高;经药物预处理后,PO-296各剂量组细胞培养液中IL-10水平均较空载组显著升高,阳性组以及PO-296中、高剂量组细胞MHCⅡ、CD80、CD86阳性细胞比例以及各给药组细胞培养液中IL-12、TNF-α均较空载组显著降低;而各给药组CCR7阳性细胞比例均未见显著差异。这提示该化合物诱导的DC呈现出经典的DCreg表型[4-5],且所得DCreg在抗原呈递及共刺激作用明显增强的同时,其趋化因子受体的表达并未受到明显影响,该DCreg可正常趋化转移至炎症组织以发挥免疫调控作用[3]。
本研究还考察了PO-296对imDC吞噬功能(imDC表达低水平的共刺激因子,刺激T细胞免疫应答的能力较低,但具有极强的抗原吞噬能力,因此吞噬功能的考察主要以imDC为主[3])及DC存活情况的影响。结果显示,经不同剂量PO-296预处理后,DC葡聚糖阳性细胞比例以及存活细胞比例与空载组比较差异均无统计学意义。这提示不同剂量的PO-296不会影响imDC的吞噬功能,且无明显细胞毒性,证实PO-296对DC成熟分化的干预作用与药物影响DC抗原摄取和细胞毒性无关。
表2 PO-296对imDC吞噬功能及DC存活情况的影响(±s,n=3,%%)
Tab 2 Effects of PO-296 on imDC phagocytic function and DC survival(±s,n=3,%%)
表3 PO-296对DC炎症细胞因子水平的影响(±s,n=3,pg/mL)
Tab 3 Effects of PO-296 on DC inflammatory cytokines(±s,n=3,pg/mL)
注:与空载组比较,*P<0.05
Note:vs.non-loading group,*P<0.05
综上所述,苯并噁唑衍生物PO-296无明显的细胞毒性,亦不影响imDC的吞噬功能,同时其可抑制特异性表面分子的表达,调控炎症细胞因子的分泌,继而诱导DCreg的形成。这一发现为PO-296诱导的DCreg在负载自身抗原后对自身免疫性疾病动物模型的干预研究提供了实验依据。未来本课题组将深入探讨PO-296诱导的DCreg干预自身免疫性疾病发生发展的过程,以及其免疫调控作用的具体机制,为其在免疫耐受以及自身免疫性疾病治疗中的应用奠定基础。
参考文献
[1]SOZZANI S,DEL PRETE A,BOSISIO D.Dendritic cell recruitment and activation in autoimmunity[J].J Autoimmun,2017.DOI:10.1016/j.jaut.2017.07.012.
[2]HUBER A,DAMMEIJER F,AERTS JGJV,et al.Current state of dendritic cell-based immunotherapy:opportunities for in vitro antigen loading of different DC subsets?[J].Front Immunol,2018.DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02804.
[3]BU N,WU HQ,ZHANG GL,et al.Immature dendritic cell exosomes suppress experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis[J].J Neuroimmunol,2015.DOI:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.04.009.
[4]RAÏCH-REGUÉ D,GLANCY M,THOMSON AW.Regulatory dendritic cell therapy:from rodents to clinical application[J].Immunol Lett,2014,161(2):216-221.
[5]MASCARELL L,AIROUCHE S,BERJONT N,et al.The regulatory dendritic cell marker C1q is a potent inhibitor of allergic inflammation[J].Mucosal Immunol,2017,10(3):695-704.
[6]CHEN M,CHEN G,DENG S,et al.IFN-β induces the proliferation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+regulatory T cells through upregulation of GITRL on dendritic cells in the treatment of multiple sclerosis[J].J Neuroimmunol,2012.DOI:10.1016/j.jneuoim.2011.10.014.
[7]JAUREGUI-AMEZAGAA,Cabezón R,Ramírez-Morros A,et al.Intraperitoneal administration of autologous tolerogenic dendritic cells for refractory Crohn’s disease:a phaseⅠ study[J].J Crohns Colitis,2015,9(12):1071-1078.
[8]STOOP JN,HARRY RA,VON DELWIG A,et al.Therapeutic effect of tolerogenic dendritic cells in established collagen-induced arthritis is associated with a reduction in Th17 responses[J].Arthritis Rheum,2010,62(12):3656-3665.
[9]GROSS CC,JONULEIT H,WIENDL H.Fulfilling the dream:tolerogenic dendritic cells to treat multiple sclerosis[J].Eur J Immunol,2012,42(3):569-572.
[10]NING B,WEI J,ZHANG A,et al.Antigen-specific tolerogenic dendritic cells ameliorate the severity of murine collagen-induced arthritis[J].PLoS One,2015.DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0131152.
[11] PRICE S.Therapeutic effects of tolerogenic dendritic cells[J].Nat Rev Rheumatol,2010.DOI:10.1038/nrrheum.2010.184.
[12]LUO XY,ZHOU H,WANG SY,et al.A benzoxazole derivative PO-296 inhibits T lymphocyte proliferation by the JAK3/STAT5 signal pathway[J].J Cell Biochem,2019,120(6):9193-9202.
[13]RIVAS-CAICEDO A,SOLDEVILA G,FORTOUL TI,et al.Jak3 is involved in dendritic cell maturation and CCR7-dependent migration[J].PLoS One,2009.DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0007066.
[14] ZHOU Y,LENG X,LUO S,et al.Tolerogenic dendritic cells generated with tofacitinib ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through modulation of Th17/treg balance[J].J Immunol Res,2016.DOI:10.1155/2016/5021537.
[15]KHAN S,GREENBERG JD,BHARDWAJ N.Dendritic cells as targets for therapy in rheumatoid arthritis[J].Nat Rev Rheumatol,2009,5(10):566-571.
[16]BRICKSHAWANAA,HINSON SR,ROMERO MF,et al.Investigation of the KIR4.1 potassium channel as a putative antigen in patients with multiple sclerosis:a comparative study[J].Lancet Neurol,2014,13(8):795-806.
[17]ELLEBRECHT CT,BHOJ VG,NACE A,et al.Reengineering chimeric antigen receptor T cells for targeted therapy of autoimmune disease[J].Science,2016,353(6 295):179-184.
[18]HACKSTEIN H,THOMSON AW.Dendritic cells:emerging pharmacological targets of immunosuppressive drugs[J].Nat Rev Immunol,2004,4(1):24-34.
[19]BUONOCORE S,FLAMAND V,GOLDMAN M,et al.Bone marrow-derived immature dendritic cells prime in vivo alloreactive T cells for interleukin-4-dependent rejection of major histocompatibility complex classⅡantigendisparate cardiac allograft[J].Transplantation,2003,75(3):407-413.
[20]GAO J,WANG X,WANG Y,et al.Murine sertoli cells promote the development of tolerogenic dendritic cells:a pivotal role of galectin-1[J].Immunology,2016,148(3):253-265.
[21]ROHN TA,BOES M,WOLTERS D,et al.Upregulation of the CLIP self peptide on mature dendritic cells antagonizes T helper type 1 polarization[J].Nat Immunol,2004,5(9):909-818.
[22]YOSHIMURA S,BONDESON J,BRENNAN FM,et al.Role of NF-κB in antigen presentation and development of regulatory T cells elucidated by treatment of dendritic cells with the proteasome inhibitor PSI[J].Eur J Immunol,2001,31(6):1883-1893.
[23] ZHOU Y,LENG X,LI H,et al.Tolerogenic dendritic cells induced by BD750 ameliorate proinflammatory T cell responses and experimental autoimmune encephalitis in mice[J].Mol Med,2017.DOI:10.2119/molmed.2016.00110.