(三)科学概念转变教学模式的横向比较
基于认知冲突的科学概念转变教学模式都是先直面学生错误的前概念,引发认知冲突,然后建构新概念,实现新旧概念之间的置换,最后应用新概念进行迁移。我们知道学习者固有的许多概念都是很复杂的,在经历、感知、文化影响和语言使用的过程中不能被轻易推翻。所以,在教学过程中,仅仅基于认知冲突的教学是不能帮助学生改变概念的,尽管使用认知冲突的方式在激发学习动机方面是有用的。基于情境任务的教学模式是基于认知冲突教学模式的进一步细化和延伸,基于情境任务的教学模式并未忽略学生头脑中的前概念,只是更加注重在一定情境之下揭露学生的前概念,并通过拓展情境任务,让学生利用已有的理解进行迁移应用。TDS 更侧重在情境中完成任务,以实现概念转变;DSLM 更注重学生概念转变的本体观,通过情境让学生预测、解释,分析出学生科学概念的纰漏。基于表达论证观点的教学模式并非独立存在,而是嵌入其他教学模式之中,并以某种方式重点体现出来,学生在参与表达论证的过程中,不仅使自己的想法进一步明晰化,还能够促使新概念的同化顺应,增强新概念应用的合理性。也有的研究者将以上教学模式的经典之处综合起来,如基于“热”概念转变的教学模式(Teaching Model for Hot Conceptual Change,TMHCC):A.展示学习情境,B.激发学生的想法和先入为主的概念,C.概述哪些概念或知识与不一致事件相冲突,D.创造认知冲突,E.小组合作/论证,F.引入科学概念,让学生评估新概念的可理解性、可信性和成果性,G.将新概念转移,测试其合理性和有效性,H.评估[12](p1-40)。该教学模式既给学生提供情境,引发认知冲突,也允许学生参与论证,激励学生主动认知,还指导学生对新概念进行迁移应用并评估其有效性。显然随着概念转变教学研究的深入,基于前人的研究成果以及当下的实证范例,会涌现出越来越多更有利于学生认知结构改变的概念转变教学模式。
科学概念转变理论需要提供描述认知过程中的内在表征和过程活动,概念通常嵌入在丰富的情境中,往往携带着社会和文化的意义,所以概念的转变不能仅依赖于课堂单调的环境,应该加强环境建构,促进概念与环境的意义联结,从而使概念转变的理解过程更加完整和平衡。研究表明,动画、视频的内在激励属性能够促进学生对学习的积极态度。随着现代信息技术的快速发展,学习者的学习环境也在不断地发生着变化,但无论是计算机辅助应用设备的加入,还是多样化实验设备的融入,抑或是教师对教学设计的大幅度改良,都是在为学习者创造一个更加舒适自在、情境逼真、便于实践体验的学习环境。网络辅助教学过程中,在提高学生的分析、综合和评估技能方面具有优势,计算机辅助概念转换文本或网络辅助概念转换文本(图片、视频、动画和模拟)可以有效地消除错误概念。视频技术为学生提供了丰富多样的教学情境,创造了灵活的信息表达和连接方式,学生在接触视频格式的信息后易产生更精确和准确的记忆,同时视频信息资源还为学生提供了可参与讨论和辩论的契机。大量的事实表明,这些复杂的教学干预措施改变了课堂的学习环境,使抽象的内容可视化,进一步促进了概念的理解。希腊学者利用计算机模拟速度和加速度的实例,促进了学生对这两个核心概念的认知进展。凯特·赖特(Kate Wright)利用交互式视频(Interactive Video Vignettes,Ivvs)的方式建构了学生主动参与学习的模式,促进学生生物概念转变。巴尔克西尔大学(Kessel University)的库苏泽尔(Küçüközer)研究了利用三维(3D)计算机建模支持预测—观察—解释(POE)策略对月球概念的理解的长期有效性,结果表明,大多数参与者在接受指导后表示“教学干预在促进概念转变方面非常有效”,而且大多数参与者保持了他们的科学概念理解[30](p482-494)。这表明有效而强大的学习环境确实能够促进学习者对于概念理解的持久性。学习者学习环境的改变意味着教师的教学程序和方式方法也要发生相应的改变,如果课堂转移到实验室,那么以实验为核心的教学就要转换以教师为中心的角色定位,学生的表达、参与应该成为课堂的主要活动,这时便需要教师设计一系列的程序来达成概念转变的最终目的。
[1]Tamer G.Amin,Carol L.Smith,Marianne Wiser.Student Conceptions and Conceptual Change:Three Overlapping Phases of Research[M]// Norman G.Lederman,Sandra K.Abell.Handbook of Research on Science Education.New York,NY:Routledge,2014.
[2]Susan Carey.Cognitive Science and Science Education[J].American Psychologist,1986,41(10).
[4]Joseph Nussbaum,Shimshon Novick.Alternative Frameworks,Conceptual Conflict and Commodation:Toward a Principled Teaching Strategy[J].Instructuonal Science,1982,11(3).
[5]Selahattin Arslan,Demet Baran,Samet Okumus S.Brousseau’s Theory of Didactical Situations in Mathematics and an Application of Adidactical Situations [J].Necatibey Faculty of Education Electronic Journal of Science and Mathematics Education,2011,5(1).
[6]Jesper Bruun,Frederik V.Christiansen.Kinaesthetic Activities in Physics Instruction:Image Schematic Justification and Design Based on Didactic Situations[J].NorDiNa,2016,12(1).
[7]Hsiao-ching She.DSLM Instructional Approach to Conceptual Change Involving Thermal Expansion[J].Research in Science and Technological Education,2003,21(1).
[8]Christiana C.Ihejiamaizu,Daniel D.Ukor,Hope A.Neji.Utilization of 5Es" Constructivist Approach for Enhancing the Teaching of Difficult Concepts in Biology[J].Global Journal of Educational Research,2018,17.
[9]Roger J.Osborne,Mark M.Cosgrove.Lesson Frameworks for Changing Children’s Ideas[M]// Roger Osborne,P.S.Freyberg.Learning in Science—The Implications of Children’s Science.Portsmouth,NH:Heinemann Educational Books,1985.
[10]Champagne Audrey B.,Richard Gunstone,Klopfer Leopold E.Effective Changes in Cognitive Structures Among Physics Students[M]//Leo H.T.West,A.Leon Pinees.Cognitive Structures and Conceptual Change.New York:Academic Press,1985.
[11]George Zhou.Conceptual Change in Science:A Process of Argumentation[J].Eurasia Journal of Mathematics,Science&Technology Education,2010,6(2).
[12]Mehmet Kural,M.Sabri Kocakülah.Teaching for Hot Conceptual Change:Towards a New Model,Beyond the Cold and Warm Ones[J].European Journal of Education Studies,2016,2(8).
[13]David F.Treagust,Reinders Duit.Multiple Perspectives of Conceptual Change in Science and the Challenges Ahead[J].Journal of Science and Mathematics Education in Southeast Asia,2009,32(2).
[14]胡卫平,韩琴,等.科学课程与教学论研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2007.
[15]K.Abdul Gafoor,P.T.Akhilesh.Strategies for Facilitating Conceptual Change in School Physics[J].Online Submission,Innovations and Researches in Education,2010,3(1).
[16]Stella Vosniadou.Reframing the Classical Approach to Conceptual Change:Preconceptions,Misconceptions and Synthetic Models:Volume 2[M]//Barry J.Frazer,Kennrth Tobin,Campbell J.McRobbie.Second International Handbook of Science Education.2012.
[17]Han Su Lee,Jongwon Park.Deductive Reasoning to Teach Newton’s Law of Motion[J].International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education,2013,11.
[20]Vandana Singh.The Electron Runaround:Understanding Electric Circuit Basics Through a Classroom Activity[J].The Physics Teacher,2010,48(5).
[21]Lilia Halim,Tan Kia Yong,Subhan Meerah.Overcoming Students’Misconceptions on Forces in Equilibrium:An Action Research Study[J].Creative Education,2014,5(11).
[22]Marina Tomara,Vassilis Tselfes,Dimitris Gouscos.Instructional Strategies to Promote Conceptual Change About Force and Motion:A Review of the Literature[J].Themes in Science and Technology Education,2017,10(1).
[23]Zoubeida R.Dagher.Does the Use of Analogies Contribute to Conceptual Change[J].Science Education,1994,78.
[24]John Clement,David E.Brown,Aletta Zietsman.Not All Preconceptions Are Misconceptions:Finding Anchoring Conceptions for Grounding Instruction on Students Intuitions[J].International Journal of Science Education,1989,11(5).
[25]Vasilia Christidou,Marianna Theodosiou,Vassilia Hatzinikita.Teaching Chemistry Concepts Through Multiple Analogies[J].The International Journal of Science,Mathematics and Technology Learning,2018,25(2).
[26]Soniya Gadgil,Timothy J.Nokes-Malach,Michelene T.H.Chi.Effectiveness of Holistic Mental Model Confrontation in Driving Conceptual change[J].Learning and Instruction,2012,22(1).
[27]孙自强,王标.国外经典教学模式论[M].北京:科学出版社,2017.
[28]Celiken Oksan,Ipekcioglu Sevgi,Ertepinar Hamide,et al.The Effect of the Conceptual Change Oriented Instruction Through Cooperative Learning on 4th Grade Students’Understanding of Earth and Sky Concepts[J].Science Education International,2012,23(1).
[29]Cary J.Roseth,David W.Johnson,Roger T.Johnson.Promoting Early Adolescents’Achievement and Peer Relationships:The Effects of Cooperative,Competitive,and Individualistic Goal Structures[J].Psychological Bulletin,2008,134.
[30]Hüseyin Küçüközer.Designing a Powerful Learning Environment to Promote Durable Conceptual Change[J].Computers and Education,2013,68.
[31]Feyzi Osman Pekel,Ismet Hasenekoglu.Dy -namising Conceptual Change Approach to Teach Some Genetics Concepts[J].Online Submission,e- International Journal of Educational Research,2015,6(2).
[32]Denis Messig,Jorge Groß.Understanding Plant Nutrition—The Genesis of Students’Conceptions and the Implications for Teaching Photosynthesis[J].Education and Science,2018,8(3).