|
Rice Vinegar Residue Reduces Adipocyte Size and Hyperlipidemia by Inhibiting Lipids Absorption in HamstersRice Vinegar Residue Reduces Adipocyte Size and Hyperlipidemia by Inhibiting Lipids Absorption in Hamsters TONG Litao, JU Zhiyuan, GENG Donghui, WANG Lili, ZHOU Xianrong, ZHOU Sumei* (Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China) Abstract: Rice vinegar residue, a by-product of rice vinegar making, is wasted in enormous quantity, which has been believed to have potential effects in the regulation of lipid metabolism. This study aimed to investigate the effects of rice vinegar residue on lipid metabolism in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. Rice vinegar residue at doses of 200 and 500 mg/(kg mb·d) and rice vinegar at 200 mg/(kg mb·d) were separately given by gavage to hamsters for 30 days. Both rice vinegar residue and rice vinegar significantly lowered the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma (P < 0.05), reduced the average size of adipocytes in white adipose tissues, and increased the fecal concentrations of triglycerides, total cholesterol and bile acids (P < 0.05). Moreover, vinegar residue disrupted solubilization of intestinal cholesterol into micelles (P < 0.05),as well as inhibited its binding to cholate (P < 0.05). On the other hand, vinegar residue had no inhibitory effect on lipase activity. Eventually, we conclude that rice vinegar residue has potential beneficial effects on lipid metabolism and obesity by preventing the absorption of cholesterol in the intestine and promoting the excretion of fecal lipids and cholesterol synthesis in the liver, which may be related to the combination between vinegar residue and cholate. Keywords: rice vinegar residue; hypercholesterolemia; adipocyte size; fecal lipids; lipid absorption The rice vinegar residue obtained from brown rice is a by-product of producing rice vinegar. About 1.8-2.2 million tons of rice vinegar residue is dumped annually in China, which is used in process of low value-added products manufacturing, such as animal feed and soilless culture matrix[1-2]. Numerous studies have indicated that rice vinegar shows beneficial effects on improving high fat-induced beta cell dysfunction, protecting liver, reducing body weight, and regulating lipids metabolism[3-5]. A few studies indicated that the bioactivities of rice vinegar residue include regulation of carbohydrate metabolism, promotion of calcium absorption and amelioration of asthmatic bronchial-bronchiolar lesions[6]. Rice vinegar residue is rich in variety of edible components, including rice oil, proteins, and a large amount of dietary fiber. These components have been reported to show the cholesterol-lowering function[7-8]. Moreover, the starch in rice is consumed through fermentation, which yields extensive components in rice vinegar residue such as dietary fiber, oil and proteins, and thus enhances their activities.Previous studies reported that the vinegar residue have 65.5% neutral detergent fiber, 44.5% acid detergent fiber,6.2% crude fat, and 13.9% proteins, including peptides and amino acids[9]. However, whether rice vinegar residue could possibly affect lipids absorption and metabolism or not in hypercholesterolemic hamsters is still unknown. Besides, the previous study indicated that oral administration of Kurozu (brown rice vinegar) decreased the adipocyte size by reducing peroxisome proliferatorsactivated receptor γ and adipocyte fatty acid binding protein mRNA expression levels and inhibiting lipids absorption in adipocytes[10]. In preventing obesity and metabolic syndrome,reduction in adipocyte size plays a key role, because hypertrophic adipocytes secrete much more tumor necrosis factor and lipids than normal adipocytes do[11]. The rice vinegar can inhibit obesity by reducing dietary fat absorption and adipocyte size. The effects of rice vinegar residue can be employed in multiple dimensions to maximize the outputs. 目前的家装建材配送市场秩序很不规范，普遍存在配送时效差以及货损率高的情况，配送成本也是一直居高不下。家装企业必须规范其配送模式，加强对与配送相关的供应商以及承运商专业配送人员的管理，与对方建立合作伙伴关系，并且不断地进行优化，提高效率和效益，在降低配送成本的同时，努力实现供应商、企业、消费者三者共赢。 In the present study, the chemical composition in rice vinegar residue was determined. Rice vinegar, as a well-known hypolipidemic functional food, was used to investigate the effects of orally administrated rice vinegar residue on lipids metabolisms and adipocyte size in hamsters fed with a hypercholesterolemic diet. Fecal lipids excretion,pancreatic lipase activity, micellar solution of cholesterol,binding activity of cholate, and pancreatic lipase activity were determined to clarify the underlying mechanism of the hypercholesterolemic effect. 1 Materials and methods1.1 Animals, materials and reagentsMale golden hamsters were provided by Vital River Lab Animal Technology Co., Ltd. (Certificate No. SCXK-2004-0001). Rice vinegar residue and rice vinegar were provided by Beijing Er Shang Group (Beijing, China). The rice vinegar residue was crushed by high-speed crusher and passed through 200 mesh sieve after being dried at 80 ℃ for 10 h. Tissue total cholesterol (TC) assay kit, tissue triglyceride(TG) assay kit, tissue free cholesterol assay kit, cholesterol assay kit Beijing Applygen Technologies Co. Ltd.;Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit Nanjing Sen Shellfish Gamma Biotechnology Co. Ltd.. 慢性鼻-鼻窦炎术后3种不同填塞方法对患者不适感的影响（丁锋 王然然 刘艳 李波蓬 蔡洁 杨莎莎 刘雪萍）5∶354 1.2 Instruments and equipmentsAutomatic chemistry analyzer Hitachi group,Tokyo, Japan. 1.3 Methods1.3.1 Chemical compositions of rice vinegar residue and rice vinegar AOAC methods were used to determine nitrogen(954.01), lipids (920.39), ash (923.03), crude fibre (962.09),total sugars (968.28), short chain fatty acids (996.06) and moisture (925.09) contents. Xylanase was determined by a method of Englyst et al[12]. 1.3.2 Animals and diets Male golden hamsters (4 weeks, n = 40) were acclimatized in stainless steel cages to the laboratory conditions (temperature was 21-24 ℃, with lights on 08:00-20:00) for 7 days prior to the study. Hamsters were divided into 4 groups (control, low dose of rice vinegar residue (L-RV), high dose of rice vinegar residue(H-RV) and rice vinegar with consistent average body weight among four groups. Diets were prepared according to the American Institute of Nutrition 93G formula with some modifications. The diets contained 397 corn starch, 200 casein, 132 maltodextrin 10, 70 soy bean oil, 50 cellulose,50 lard, 38.486 sucrose, 35 mineral mixture, 10 vitamin mixture, 10 cholesterol, 3 L-cystine, 2.5 choline bitartrate,and 2 bile salt in g/kg. Rice vinegar residue or rice vinegar was orally administered to the hamsters at 9:00 each day for 30 days. Rice vinegar residue dissolved in 0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was administered at a dose of 200 and 500 mg/kg mb to the L-RV and H-RV groups,respectively. Rice vinegar dissolved in 0.5% CMC was administered at a dose of 200 mg/kg mb to the rice vinegar group. Only 0.5% CMC was orally administered to the control group. The plasma was taken from the eye-veniplex on the 0th, 10th and 20th day of the study, respectively. Hamster feces were collected for 1 week before all hamsters were slaughtered by the removal of blood from the eye-veniplex after being fasted for 5 h. Livers and white adipose tissues(mesenteric, perirenal and epididymal) were frozen by liquid nitrogen and kept at -20 ℃. All the experiments were approved by the Bioethics Committee of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College. 1.3.3 Growth and metabolic parameters of hamsters The plasma lipids concentrations were measured by automatic chemistry analyzer. Liver lipids were extracted and the TC, TG, free cholesterol concentrations in liver were measured with kits. Faeces were lyophilized and weighed. The total lipids in feces were measured by Soxhlet method. The fecal cholesterol content and bile acids (BAs) content were measured by cholesterol assay kit and rat BAs kit, respectively. 1.3.4 Morphologic and pathologic analysis of tissue in hamsters 帕克太阳探测器就这样被制造了出来。为什么将它命名为“帕克”呢？这是为了向太阳风科学研究的奠基者，天文学家尤金·帕克致敬。尤金·帕克是一位仍然健在的宇宙科学家。以健在科学家的名字命名一只太空探测器，是太空探索史上的首次。可见，尤金·帕克对太阳风的研究是卓有成绩的。 White adipose tissues and liver were rinsed by saline solution, and fixed in 10% neutral formalin buffer solution.After being embedded in paraffin, the tissues were then cut into 10 μm sections and stained with hematoxylin. Adipocyte cell size was compared through counting up numbers of cells in 40 × 10 times micrograph. Liver damage conditions were further assessed by pathologic examination. 1.3.5 Micellar solution of cholesterol An emulsion (pH 7.4) containing 10 mmol/L sodium taurocholate, 2 mmol/L cholesterol, 5 mmol/L oleic acid,132 mmol/L NaCl, 15 mmol/L sodium chloride, and the samples with various concentrations were prepared by sonication (400 W, 20 kHz, 20 min) and then kept at 37 ℃for 24 h. After centrifugation at 6 000 × g for 30 min,cholesterol concentration of the supernatant was measured with cholesterol kits at λ = 500 nm. Cholesterol concentration in micelles was calculated according to formula (1). 2.2.4 添加杜仲提取物及胆汁酸对凡纳滨对虾酚氧化酶(phenoloxidase，PO)活性的影响（见图4） 
where A0 is absorbancy of control group; A1 is absorbancy of test group. 1.3.6 Binding activity of cholate Samples with different concentrations and 4 mL of cholate solution (0.02 mmol/L sodium taurocholate dissolved in 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer in pH 7.0) were added into 10 mL plug tubes and incubated at 37 ℃ for 1 h. The obtained mixture was centrifuged at 3 000 × g for 20 min, and the supernatant (2.5 mL) of each sample mixed with 60% H2SO4(7.5 mL), which was then heated in 70 ℃ water for 20 min and put in ice bath for 5 min. The concentration of cholate in the samples was determined by absorbance at 387 nm. 1.3.7 Inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity in vitro An emulsion containing 0.15% nitrophenol palmitate and isopropyl alcohol was formed by ultrasonic treatment.The emulsion was diluted with 50 mmol/L phosphate buffer(containing 0.1% acacia gum and 0.4% casein X-100,pH 7.0) in a ratio of 1:10. The samples with different concentrations were added into 4 mL of the diluted emulsion. After incubating at 37 ℃ for 5 min, 1 mL of 0.5 mg/mL pancreatic lipase was also added into the diluted emulsion, followed by the incubation at 37 ℃ for 15 min,and then 0.4 mL of 0.1 mol/L sodium carbonate solution was added for stopping the reaction. The absorbance of nitro phenol at 410 nm showed the enzymatic activity.The pancreatic lipase activity was calculated according to the formula (2). 
where A0 is the absorbance of control group; and A1 is the value of test group. 自学生开始上学起，凡是数学考试基本都是限时闭卷笔试形式，且几乎都是“一考定终身”，这极大挫伤了学生学习积极性。原以为上了高职，数学学习与以前会有所区别，没想到仍然是一样的。学生就认为数学总是学不好，学与不学一个样，因此对数学学习丧失了信心。为了改变这种不利局面，树立学生学习信心，根据高职生具体情况，我校数学文化选修课采取多方位全面综合评价方法来考核学生成绩。对传统考核方式进行改革，注意过程性评价，加大平时成绩比例。平时成绩内容包括：参与自主学习活动、读书报告、课堂演讲、课堂回答问题、出勤等。同时，我们也探索改革考试的方法，期末采用开卷笔试方式，内容包括必答题和选答题两部分： 1.4 Statistical analysisThe data were expressed as means with standard errors (SE)or standard deviation (SD) and analyzed by Tukey-Kramer’s multiple comparison post hoc test. The analysis was carried out with SPSS (Version 12.0 for Windows). Differences were considered to be significant at P < 0.05. 2 Results and analysis2.1 Chemical compositions of rice vinegar residue and rice vinegarAs shown in Table 1, rice vinegar residue contained mainly 7.02 g/100 g proteins, 12.79 g/100 g lipids,31.47 g/100 g crude fiber, and 27.37 g/100 g xylanase. 天线H面辐射方向图都为椭圆形，具有全向辐射特性，在高频略微有点畸变。天线E面辐射方向图都为“8”字形，在各个频段表现较为一致。总的来说，满足UWB频段的通信要求。 Table 1 Compositions of rice vinegar residue and rice vinegar  Note: N.D.. Not detected. Ingredient Content/(g/100 g)Rice vinegar residue Rice vinegar Moisture 4.09 ± 0.01 87.06 ± 1.86 Proteins 7.02 ± 0.12 1.21 ± 0.06 Lipids 12.97 ± 0.33 1.20 ± 0.03 Ash 9.74 ± 0.06 0.07 ± 0.00 Acids 0.03 ± 0.00 8.93 ± 0.20 Acetic acid 0.03 ± 0.00 6.38 ± 0.12 Lactic acid N.D. 2.03 ± 0.03 Saccharides 66.15 ± 1.74 1.53 ± 0.03 Crude fiber 31.47 ± 0.47 N.D.Pentosan 27.37 ± 0.42 N.D.
2.2 Growth and metabolism parameters of hamstersTable 2 Effects of orally administered L-VR, H-VR and rice vinegar on growth and metabolic parameters  Note: Values are means with SE for 10 hamsters per group. Different superscript letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05). LDL-C. low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C. high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Parameters Control L-VR H-VR Vinegar Growth parameters/g Initial body weight 104.6 ± 1.6 104.6 ± 2.4 103.2 ± 1.6 104.1 ± 1.5 Final body weight 137.7 ± 4.6 140.6 ± 3.9 142.9 ± 3.6 141.7 ± 3.5 Body weight gain 33.1 ± 3.6 36.0 ± 1.9 39.7 ± 3.4 37.7 ± 3.2 Liver weight 5.90 ± 0.35 6.19 ± 0.26 5.65 ± 0.13 5.38 ± 0.40 Adipose weight/g Mesenteric 1.78 ± 0.25 1.80 ± 0.25 2.11 ± 0.16 1.97 ± 0.30 Epididymal 3.47 ± 0.33 3.42 ± 0.23 3.64 ± 0.29 3.72 ± 0.23 Perirenal 2.29 ± 0.20 2.43 ± 0.19 2.54 ± 0.15 2.80 ± 0.27 Food intake/(g/d) 6.44 ± 0.25 6.37 ± 0.25 6.47 ± 0.24 6.56 ± 0.29 Plasma lipids level/(μmol/L)TC 3.95 ± 0.25 3.83 ± 0.07 3.76 ± 0.13 3.50 ± 0.19 LDL-C 1.48 ± 0.27a 0.85 ± 0.05b 0.85 ± 0.05b 1.05 ± 0.19ab HDL-C 1.81 ± 0.08a 2.14 ± 0.06bc 2.23 ± 0.09c 1.88 ± 0.12ab TG 2.67 ± 0.33a 2.07 ± 0.20b 1.78 ± 0.16b 2.28 ± 0.20ab Liver lipids/(μmol/g)Total 84.1 ± 7.0 78.7 ± 4.9 72.3 ± 7.0 84.7 ± 8.5 Free 16.4 ± 0.9 16.1 ± 1.7 15.9 ± 0.8 13.1 ± 2.1 Ester 67.8 ± 7.4 62.6 ± 4.4 59.5 ± 6.8 71.9 ± 8.7 TG 23.2 ± 1.8a 17.9 ± 1.1b 17.4 ± 1.7b 23.0 ± 1.8a TG 40.8 ± 0.5a 41.3 ± 0.4a 50.5 ± 1.5c 44.7 ± 1.3b TC 31.4 ± 0.9a 34.6 ± 0.8b 35.0 ± 0.0b 34.2 ± 0.8b BAs 2.36 ± 0.03a 2.42 ± 0.04a 2.90 ± 0.10b 2.82 ± 0.02b Fecal parameters/(mg/d)
Growth and metabolism parameters of hamsters were shown in Table 2. There were no differences in body weight, food intake, and feed efficiency among the 4 groups. That means the amount of intake of lipids among groups stay in the same level. Adipose tissue and liver weights were also not affected. The plasma LDL-C concentrations in the L-VR and H-VR groups were significantly reduced compared with that in the control group (P < 0.05), as well as that in the rice vinegar group. The plasma HDL-C concentrations in the L-VR and H-VR groups were significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). As for the plasma TG concentration, only the H-VR group led to a significant decrease compared with those of the control group (P < 0.05).There was no effect of L-RV and H-RV groups on plasma TC concentration. There was no obvious effect of L-RV and H-RV groups on liver cholesterol concentration. The liver TG concentration of L-RV and H-RV groups were obviously lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05), contrary to the rice vinegar group was not. Both rice vinegar residue and rice vinegar increased fecal TC concentration, while only the H-VR group significantly increased fecal BAs concentrations(P < 0.05). Fecal total lipids content in the H-VR group was the highest one among 4 groups (P < 0.05) and that in rice vinegar group was the second highest (P < 0.05),while that of the L-VR group was not different from that of the control group. 2.3 Pathologic analysis of tissue in hamstersThe hepatic sinus dilating and congesting was severe in the control group and the L-VR group. It was milder in the H-VR group evidently contrary to the rice vinegar group as shown in Fig. 1. Liver cell steatosis was severe in the control group, the L-VR group and the rice vinegar group, but it was milder in the H-VR group. Necrosis of liver cells was mild in the control group, but it was not obvious in the others. The lymphocytes infiltrate in hepatic lobule was not obvious in all three treatment groups. 8个明确涵盖了坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的总任务、总目标、总体布局和战略布局，以及发展方向、发展方式、战略步骤、外部条件、政治保证等一系列基本问题，是一个系统完备、逻辑严密，具有内在统一性的科学理论体系。8个明确解决了坚持和发展什么样的中国特色社会主义这个问题。  Fig. 1 Effects of orally administered rice vinegar residue and rice vinegar on liver damage
2.4 Morphological analysis of tissue in hamstersMorphological parameters of adipocytes in hamsters were shown in the 4 groups (Fig. 2). The numbers of complete cells were counted in the same field of vision to explain the cell sizes. The larger the cell number is, the smaller the cell size will be. Compared with that of the control group, average adipocyte size of mesenteric adipocytes in the L-VR group was significantly smaller (P < 0.05).Average adipocyte size in the H-VR and rice vinegar groups was smaller than that in the L-VR group (P < 0.05). As for the epididymal adipocytes, both rice vinegar residue and rice vinegar groups were smaller than that of the control group(P < 0.05). The perirenal adipocytes sizes in the L-VR and rice vinegar groups were smaller than that in the control group, but larger than that in the H-VR group (P < 0.05). 
 Fig. 2 Effects of orally administered rice vinegar residue and rice vinegar on adipocyte size in white adipose tissue
2.5 Physiological activity of rice vinegar residue in vitro Fig. 3 Effects of rice vinegar residue and rice vinegar on intestinal digestion and absorption of cholesterol and triglyceride in vitro
Fig. 3A showed the change of in vitro cholesterol concentration in cholate micelles. The cholesterol concentration in the micelle was decreased gradually(P < 0.05) with the increase of samples concentration. Inhibition effect of the rice vinegar was more obvious than that of the rice vinegar residue at the same sample concentration (P < 0.05).Fig. 3B showed the change of cholate concentration in supernatant. The cholate concentration in supernatant was decreased with the increase of the rice vinegar residue concentration in a linear relationship (P < 0.05), while there was no effect of the rice vinegar. Moreover, the effects of the rice vinegar residue and rice vinegar on the pancreatic lipase activity in a dose-dependent manner were also analyzed, but no significant effect was observed (Fig. 3C). “你们先了结与黑旗会的恩怨我们再理论如何？”天问大师没有看黑白双煞，而是瞅着萧飞羽。萧飞羽点头道：“不要认为那时能说服我。” 一六三师死守兰溪防线的三个团这几天打得顽强，成为金衢会战最重彩浓墨的一笔，但让赵锡田痛心的是，此役，又有几百袍泽捐躯金兰。 兴趣是最好的老师。教师要想提高课堂教学效果，就必须调动初中生的语文学习兴趣。为此，教师在教学中就必须采用多种多样的教学语言来吸引学生的注意力，而教师只有不断提高自身的个人语言表达能力，将枯燥的教学内容以更加形象生动的方式讲授给学生，进而吸引学生的学习积极性，以充分调动学生的语文学习兴趣。另外，语文教师还必须要拓宽自己的知识面，善于借助多种与课本教材相关的内容来拓展课堂教学内容，丰富学生的知识面，吸引学生的语文学习兴趣。 3 DiscussionIt has been widely reported that many kinds of vinegars effectively lower the concentrations of plasma TC and LDL-C and reduce the risk of developing hypercholesterolemic subjects and atherosclerosis in animal models[13-14]. In the present study, the rice vinegar residue, both in L-VR and H-VR groups, not only reduced the plasma LDL-C concentrations as the same as the rice vinegar group, but also increased the plasma HDL-C concentrations (Table 2).The effects of rice vinegar residue on lipids metabolism are mainly due to its high contents of fermented dietary fiber[15-16] and rice bran oil[17-18] (Table 1), as the reported beneficial effects of these ingredients previously. Therefore,we speculate that the hypocholesterolemic properties of rice vinegar residue did not attribute to one single functional component, but these components together, including dietary fiber, proteins, or lipids. Liver is the main organ of lipid metabolism, including lipid digestion and absorption, transport, catabolism and anabolism. There will be an imbalance between catabolism and anabolism of liver lipids if the concentrations of plasma lipids are disordered, and lipids will accumulate in liver,which is likely to induce fatty liver[19]. A previous report demonstrated the effect of rice bran oil on regulation of liver TG[18]. Our results showed that besides the decrease of plasma TC and LDL-C, the plasma TG concentrations were lowered significantly in the H-VR and L-VR groups, which might be directly related to the drop of liver TG concentrations(Table 2). The result of liver slices showed that three treatment groups ameliorated hepatic sinus swelling and lymphocytes infiltration (Fig. 1). This result demonstrates that rice vinegar residue treatments in H-VR group also ameliorated necrosis of liver cells by reducing TG deposition,although the molecular mechanism needs further study. In the present study, the average sizes of adipocytes were significantly smaller in the mesenteric, epididymal and perirenal adipose tissues in three treatment groups (Fig. 2).It has been reported that the decrease of serum cholesterol caused the decrease of adipocyte size due to reduction of leptin in the serum level[20]. Decrease of adipocyte size is meaningful for reducing obesity because the enlargement of adipose tissue results in hyperplasia so as to cause adiposis[21]. The increase of tissue weight of obese mice is characterized by an increase in adipocyte size up to maximum[22]. These results indicated that rice vinegar residue, the same as rice vinegar, may play an important role in slowing down the curse of obesity. Moreover, the rice bran oil exerted helpful effect on cholesterol metabolism by up-regulation of LDL-receptor expression, which led to increase fecal cholesterol and BAs excretions[23]. It was also reported that more than half of the cholesterol is de novo synthesized in the liver[24]. That means the hypercholesteremia results from both cholesterol absorption and cholesterol synthesis in liver. In this study,the concentrations of TC, TG and BAs in the H-VR and rice vinegar groups were significantly increased and TC concentration was significantly increased in L-VR group.Furthermore, there were also some effects on liver cholesterol even though they were not statistically significant (Table 2).This result indicated that the rice vinegar residue might contribute to the decreased plasma cholesterol level not only by inhibiting its absorption in the intestine and increasing the excretion of BAs, but also inhibiting its synthesis in the liver. 其次，这种差异也体现在图书出版业务的经营管理。这些品牌，有外贸企业实力和经营特色出口更多的书。因此，也有图书贸易出口贸易的企业经营管理意识创新的商业模式也起着重要的作用。 Bioactive substances, such as sitosterols, polypeptides and polysaccharides, lower down the plasma LDL-C concentrations by disrupting intestinal cholesterol solubilization into micelles, which is a necessary step in the efficient absorption of intestinal cholesterol[25]. Moreover, the certain natural dietary fibers and purified fiber constituents have potential capacities of binding cholate when tested in vitro, which may increase BAs excretion, thereby altering BAs balance, affecting cholesterol intestine absorption and reducing hypercholesteremia[26]. Our result showed that both rice vinegar residue and rice vinegar disrupted intestinal cholesterol solubilization into micelles, and the rice vinegar residue combining with cholate reduced the quantity of uncombined cholate in vitro, which can be reabsorbed into bodies (Fig. 3A and B). In addition, it is well known that dietary lipids are not directly absorbed from the intestine,unless it has been digested by the action of pancreatic lipase[27]. To improve obesity and hyperlipidemia, it may be effective to reduce lipids absorption by lipase inhibition[28].In terms of inhibition of lipase activity, rice vinegar residue had no great contribution (Fig. 3C). These results concluded that rice vinegar residue might reduce adipocyte size and hyperlipidemia by inhibiting lipids absorption in the intestine. 4 ConclusionThe present study evidently indicated that rice vinegar residue reduced the concentrations of plasma LDL-C and TG.It increases plasma HDL-C concentrations and decreases the adipocyte size by preventing the absorption of cholesterol in intestine and promoting excretions of fecal lipids and BAs. This ultimately results from the rice vinegar residue disrupting cholesterol dispersing into micelles and binding with cholate. The effects might be due to its high contents of fermented dietary fiber and bran oil. Keeping in view, the in vivo results it is signposted that rice vinegar residue can be efficiently utilized for making novel high value products to uproot the evil of high cholesterol. References: [1] LIN L, LU F, ZHANG R, et al. Anaerobic digestion performance of vinegar residue in continuously stirred tank reactor[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2015, 186: 338-342. DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2015.03.086. [2] ZHONG Mei, WANG Yin, YU Jian, et al. Porous carbon from vinegar lees for phenol adsorption[J]. Particuology, 2012, 10: 35-41.DOI:10.1016/j.partic. 2011.05.006. [3] DU S K, ZHAO X Y, LI Z X. Hepatoprotective weight-reducing and hypolipidemic effects of Hovenia dulcis Thunb. fruit vinegar[J]. Food Science, 2012, 33: 235-238. [4] KI-MOON P, HO L S. Anti-hyperlipidemic activity of Rhynchosia nulubilis seeds pickled with brown rice vinegar in mice fed a highfat diet[J]. Nutrition Research and Practice, 2013, 7: 453-459.DOI:10.4162/nrp.2013.7.6.453. [5] HANNAH S, BONG S C. Response: balsamic vinegar improves high fat-induced beta cell dysfunction via beta cell ABCA1[J].Diabetes & Metabolism Journal, 2012, 36: 275-279. DOI:10.4093/dmj.2012.36.5.390. [6] HAYASHI T, HASEGAWA K, SASAKI Y, et al. Amelioration of late asthmatic bronchial-bronchiolar lesions in BALB/c mice by kurozu moromi powder[J]. Food & Agricultural Immunology, 2006, 17: 139-148. DOI:10.1080/09540100600927137. [7] MINHAJUDDIN M, BEG Z H, IQBAL J. Hypolipidemic and antioxidant properties of tocotrienol rich fraction isolated from rice bran oil in experimentally induced hyperlipidemic rats[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2005, 43: 747-753. DOI:10.1016/j.fct.2005.01.015. [8] TONG L T, FUJIMOTO Y, SHIMIZU N, et al. Rice α-globulin decreases serum cholesterol concentrations in rats fed a hypercholesterolemic diet and ameliorates atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice[J]. Food Chemistry, 2012, 132: 194-200. DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.056. [9] SONG Z T, DONG X F, TONG J M, et al. Effects of waste vinegar residue on nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in laying hens[J]. Livestock Science, 2012, 150: 67-73. DOI:10.1016/j.livsci.2012.08.004. [10] TONG L T, KATAKURA Y, KAWAMURA S, et al. Effects of Kurozu concentrated liquid on adipocyte size in rats[J]. Lipids in Health and Disease, 2010, 9: 134. [11] KUBOTA N, TERAUCHI Y, MIKI H, et al. PPAR gamma mediates high-fat diet-induced adipocyte hypertrophy and insulin resistance[J]. Molecular Cell, 1999, 4: 597-609. DOI:10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80210-5. [12] ENGLYST H N, CUMMINGS J H. Improved method for measurement of dietary fiber as non-starch polysaccharides in plant foods[J]. Journal Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1988,71: 808-814. DOI:10.1245/s10434-012-2791-7. [13] SEO H B, SONG Y J, KANG J Y, et al. The study of persimmon vinegar as a functional drink on reduce blood lipids and enhance exercise performance[J]. Journal of Korean Forest Society, 2011, 2: 232-239. [14] SETORKI M, ASGARY S, EIDI A, et al. Acute effects of vinegar intake on some biochemical risk factors of atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits[J]. Lipids in Health and Disease, 2010, 9:10. DOI:10.1186/1476-511X-9-10. [15] MÅRTENSSON O, BIÖRKLUND M, LAMBO A M, et al.Fermented, ropy, oat-based products reduce cholesterol levels and stimulate the bifidobacteria flora in humans[J]. Nutrition Research,2005, 25: 429-442. DOI:10.1016/j.nutres.2005.03.004. [16] KRISTENSEN M, JENSEN M G, AARESTRUP J, et al. Flaxseed dietary fibers lower cholesterol and increase fecal fat excretion, but magnitude of effect depend on food type[J]. Nutrition & Metabolism,2012, 9: 1-8. [17] WILSON T A, NICOLOSI R J, WOOLFREY B, et al. Rice bran oil and oryzanol reduce plasma lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and aortic cholesterol ester accumulation to a greater extent than ferulic acid in hypercholesterolemic hamsters[J]. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 2007, 18: 105-112. DOI:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2006.03.006. [18] SUGANO M, TSUJI E. Rice bran oil and cholesterol metabolism[J].The Journal of Nutrition, 1997, 127: 521-524. [19] ANGULO P. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease[J]. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2002, 17: S186-S190. DOI:10.1046/j.1440-1746.17.s1.10.x. [20] HAMAD E M, SATO M, UZU K, et al. Milk fermented by Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 influences adipocyte size via inhibition of dietary fat absorption in Zucker rats[J]. British Journal of Nutrition,2009, 101: 716-724. DOI:10.1017/S0007114508043808. [21] VÁZQUEZVELA M E, TORRES N, TOVAR A R. White adipose tissue as endocrine organ and its role in obesity[J]. Archives of Medical Research, 2008, 39: 715-728. DOI:10.1016/j.arcmed.2008.09.005. [22] SAKAI T, SAKAUE H, NAKAMURA T, et al. Skp2 controls adipocyte proliferation during the development of obesity[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2007, 282: 2038-2046. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M608144200. [23] CHEN C W, CHENG H H. A rice bran oil diet increases LDL-receptor and HMG-CoA reductase mRNA expressions and insulin sensitivity in rats with streptozotocin/nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetes[J].The Journal of Nutrition, 2006, 136: 1472-1476. DOI:10.1093/jn/136.6.1472. [24] LABAIED M, JAYABALASINGHAM B, BANO N, et al.Plasmodium salvages cholesterol internalized by LDL and synthesized de novo in the liver[J]. Cellular Microbiology, 2011, 13: 569-586.DOI:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01555.x. [25] WOOLLETT L A, WANG Y, BUCKLEY D D, et al. Micellar solubilisation of cholesterol is essential for absorption in humans[J].Gut, 2006, 55: 197-204. DOI:10.1136/gut.2005.069906. [26] VAHOUNY G V, TOMBES R, CASSIDY M M, et al. Dietary fibers:V. Binding of bile salts, phospholipids and cholesterol from mixed micelles by bile acid sequestrants and dietary fibers[J]. Lipids, 1980,15: 1012-1018. DOI:10.1007/BF02534316. [27] NAKAI M, FUKUI Y, ASAMI S, et al. Inhibitory effects of oolong tea polyphenols on pancreatic lipase in vitro[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2005, 53: 4593-4598. DOI:10.3181/00379727-166-41016. [28] ZHAO H L, SIM J S, SHIM S H, et al. Antiobese and hypolipidemic effects of platycodin saponins in diet-induced obese rats: evidences for lipase inhibition and calorie intake restriction[J]. International Journal of Obesity, 2005, 29: 983-990. DOI:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802948.
米醋醋粕通过抑制脂质吸收降低仓鼠脂肪细胞尺寸和改善高脂血症 佟立涛，鞠志远，耿栋辉，王丽丽，周闲容，周素梅*
（中国农业科学院农产品加工研究所，农业农村部农产品加工重点实验室，北京 100193） 摘 要：米醋醋粕作为米醋生产的副产物被大量废弃，但其在调节脂质代谢方面具有潜在的作用。本研究旨在探讨米醋醋粕对高胆固醇血症仓鼠脂质代谢的影响。用200、500 mg/（kg mb·d）剂量的米醋醋粕以及米醋灌胃仓鼠30 d。米醋醋粕和米醋均能显著降低血浆低密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度（P＜0.05），降低白色脂肪组织的平均脂肪细胞体积，增加粪便中甘油三酯、总胆固醇和胆汁酸浓度（P＜0.05）。同时，米醋醋粕能破坏肠道胆固醇向胶束的形成（P＜0.05），并抑制其与胆酸盐的结合（P＜0.05），但是米醋醋粕对脂肪酶活性没有明显的抑制作用。结果表明，米醋醋粕通过阻止胆固醇在肠内的吸收，促进粪脂的排泄和肝脏中合成的胆固醇来发挥降血脂功效，对脂质代谢和肥胖具有有益的调节作用。 关键词：米醋醋粕；高胆固醇血症；脂肪细胞体积；粪便脂质；脂质吸收
收稿日期：2018-11-14 基金项目：教育部留学回国基金项目（[2013]1792）；国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目（31401505） 第一作者简介：佟立涛（1982—）（ORCID: 0000-0002-9935-0275），男，副研究员，博士，主要从事谷物加工与品质调控研究。E-mail: tonglitao@caas.cn*通信作者简介：周素梅（1971—）（ORCID: 0000-0001-5848-6240），女，研究员，博士，主要从事谷物加工与品质调控研究。E-mail: zhousumei@caas.cnDOI:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20181114-155 中图分类号：TS213.3 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1002-6630（2020）05-0128-07 引文格式： TONG Litao, JU Zhiyuan, GENG Donghui, et al. Rice vinegar residue reduces adipocyte size and hyperlipidemia by inhibiting lipids absorption in hamsters[J]. 食品科学, 2020, 41(5): 128-134. DOI:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20181114-155. http://www.spkx.net.cnTONG Litao, JU Zhiyuan, GENG Donghui, et al. Rice vinegar residue reduces adipocyte size and hyperlipidemia by inhibiting lipids absorption in hamsters[J]. Food Science, 2020, 41(5): 128-134. (in English with Chinese abstract)DOI:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20181114-155. http://www.spkx.net.cn
| 
|Archiver|手机版|小黑屋|www.openhelp100.com
( 冀ICP备19026749号-1 )
发表于 2021-2-1 20:59:24
