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福师《大学英语(2)》第五课

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发表于 2021-2-7 10:05:39 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
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福师《大学英语(2)》第五课FAQ
虚拟语气
Subjunctive Mood
1. 英语中语气的含义和种类
   语气(mood)是一种动词形式,用以表示说话者的意图和态度。
英语中的语气有以下3种。  
  (1) 陈述语气,表示所说的话是事实。例如:
Paris is world-famous for its fashion shows and beautiful sceneries.  巴黎以时装展和美丽的风景而闻名世界。
Yesterday I went to visit my uncle who lives in the countryside.  昨天我去看望了住在乡下的叔叔。  
  (2) 祈使语气,表示所说的话是请求或命令。例如:
Don't say those rude words again!  不要再说那些脏话了!
Please help yourself with some salad and soup.  请随便吃点沙拉,喝点汤。
  (3) 虚拟语气,表示所说的话只是一种主观的愿望、假想或建议等。例如:
If I were you, I wouldn't let her go.  我要是你的话,就不会让她走。
They suggest that we go there by plane.  他们建议我们坐飞机去那儿。
I wish I hadn't told him the bad news.   我真希望当时没有告诉他那个坏消息。
2. 虚拟语气的概念及用法
     虚拟语气是一种动词形式,表示说话人的一种愿望、假设、怀疑、猜测、建议等。虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。
  虚拟语气的用法可以归结为6大类型,即:普通型、wish型、省略型、“坚决要命”型、状语从句型和特殊型(包括It is time型、would rather型、含蓄型和让步型)。
  (1) 普通型虚拟语气,即以if引导的主从复合句中的虚拟语气,包括以下三种形式:
?
从句
主句

与过去事实相反
had + 动词过去分词
would / should /could / might + have + 动词的过去分词

与现在事实相反
动词过去式(be动词常用were)
would / should / could / might + 动词原形

与将来事实相反
should / were to + 动词原形
would / should /could / might + 动词原形

例如:
If I were you, I would take them away. 如果我是你的话,我就会带走他们。
If I had met David, I could have told him.  如果我碰见了大卫,我就告诉他了。
If it were to rain tomorrow, the football match would be put off.   要是明天下雨,运动会就会被推迟。
  (2) wish型虚拟语气,即wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟语气,包括以下三种形式:    that引导的宾语从句

与过去事实相反
 had + 动词过去分词 或 could have + 动词过去分词

与现在事实相反
 动词过去式(be动词常用were)

与将来事实相反
 should / would / might / could + 动词原形 或 were + 动词-ing形式

例如:  
I wish she would be on my side.  我希望她能站在我一边。
I wish I had known the answer.  我希望当时就知道答案。  
I wish I were a boy.  我希望自己是个男孩。
  (3) 省略型虚拟语气。省略型虚拟语气一般分为以下两种类型。
   ① 省略非真实条件句中的if,把从句中的助动词提前,即were,should和had 。例如:
Were I a boy, I would join the army.  我要是男孩的话就去参军。
Had he taken my advice, he would have succeeded.  他当初要是听了我的建议,早就成功了。
Were it not for the expense, I would go to Britain.  要不是费用的问题,我就去英国了。
   ② 省略整个主句,常见的形式是if only 引导的从句。例如:
Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I had followed your advice.  瞧瞧我现在的处境多糟!要是我早听你的劝告就好了。
If only he had much more money!  他要是有更多的钱就好了。
  注意:省略型虚拟语气中谓语动词的形式与普通型相同,也分为三种形式。
  (4) “坚决要命”型虚拟语气,即名词性从句(包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)中的虚拟语气。句中的动词、名词和形容词若有“坚决要命”的含义(“坚”指“坚持、建议、推荐”;“决”指“决心、决定”;“要”指“要求的、重要的、必要的”;“命”指“命令的、致命的”),则名词性从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气的形式,即should + 动词原形的形式(should可省略)。
   ① 主语从句通常用于“It is + 形容词 + that引导的主语从句”的结构中。要求主语从句中用虚拟语气的形容词或过去分词主要有:demanded,essential,important,necessary,ordered,required,vital,suggested(建议的),recommended,strange,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory(强制的),concerned,crucial(紧要关头的),desired,desirable,eager,fitting,imperative(绝对必要的),proper,improper,impossible,obligatory(必须履行的),preferable,only just,only right,only fair,reasonable,willing,urgent等。例如:
It's necessary that we should have a walk now.  我们现在有必要出去散散步。
It's natural that she should do so.  她这样做是很自然的。
It's important that we should take good care of the patient.  重要的是我们要照顾好病人。
It will be desired that she should finish her homework this afternoon.  最好是她今天下午就能写完作业。
   ② 要求宾语从句中用虚拟语气的动词主要有:advise,suggest(建议),command,decide,demand,desire,insist,order,require,recommend,prefer,move(提议),propose,ask(请求),oblige,request,beg,determine,resolve,intend,promise,arrange,deserve(值得,应受)等。例如:
The teacher suggested that we(should)clean the blackboard after class.  老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。
He ordered that the students (should) wash the clothes every week by themselves.  他要求学生每周都要自己洗衣服。
He insisted that all of us (should) be there on time by any means.  他坚持要我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿。
   ③ 要求表语从句和同位语从句中用虚拟语气的名词主要有:advice,command,demand,agreement,decision,decree(政令),plan,preference,resolution,urge,wish,desire,importance,motion(提议),necessity,order,proposal,recommendation,request,requirement,suggestion(建议),law,idea等。例如:
His suggestion that we(should)go to Shanghai is wonderful.  他建议我们去上海,这个建议真好。
My idea is that everyone(should)pay 100 dollars.  我的意见是每个人付100美元。
  (5) 状语从句型虚拟语气。状语从句型虚拟语气主要有以下两种类型。
   ① as if(as though)引导的让步状语从句,其虚拟语气的谓语动词只有两种形式:如果主句的谓语动词是现在时,则从句中的谓语动词用过去时;如果主句的谓语动词是过去时,则从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时。例如:
He did it as if he had been an expert.  他那样做,好像自己就是专家一样。
She speaks to us as if she were there.  她给我们讲的好像她去过那儿。
   ② lest(唯恐),in case(万一),for fear that(生怕,以免)引导的目的状语从句,其虚拟语气的谓语动词形式为:may/might/can/could/should + 动词原形。例如:
I got up early lest I(should)miss the train.  我早起以免错过了火车。
We talked in a low voice lest we should wake the baby up.  我们小声说话以免吵醒婴儿。
Take the raincoat in case it might rain.  带着雨衣,以防下雨。
He told us to keep quiet for fear that we might disturb others.  他让我们保持安静,以免打扰别人。
  (6) 特殊型虚拟语气。特殊型虚拟语气主要分以下几类。
   ① it is time 型,即“It is(high,about)time that ...”句型。这一句型要求用虚拟语气,表示“早该做还未做”的意思,其从句谓语动词用过去时的形式,be为单数时多用was,that可省略。例如:
It's time that I picked up my daughter.  我该去接女儿了。
It's high time we were going.  我们该走了。
   ② would rather 型,指在would(had)rather,would(just)as soon,had better,would sooner后接的that 从句中谓语动词用过去时,表示当时或将来的虚拟情况,可译作“宁愿……”。例如:
I'd rather you didn't go out alone.  我宁愿你不单独出去。
I would rather Lily took that dress on.  我宁愿莉莉穿那条裙子。
   ③ 含蓄型,指if 条件句不出现,而用某些词或短语表示虚拟条件(主句不变),或靠上下文的衬托来表示虚拟条件的形式。通常由without,but for(要不是),were it not for(要是没有)连接的短语和otherwise,or(否则)作为标志。其主句的谓语动词形式与普通型虚拟语气相同,也分为三种形式。例如:
But for the storm we would have had a nice holiday.  要不是因为暴风雨,我们的假日一定过得很惬意。
Without the sun, nothing would grow.  如果没有太阳,万物就不会生长。
I'm not feeling very well today; otherwise, I would do it myself.  今天我身体不太舒服,否则这事我就亲自去做了。
   ④ 让步型,即表示假设情况的让步状语从句中的虚拟语气,具体句型为“be it good or bad”。这是倒装省略结构,补全省略部分应为 “whether it is good or bad ... ”。倒装时要把系动词提前,并把is还原为原形形式be表示虚拟,省略whether。例如:
Be it good or bad, she will leave us for Canada tomorrow.  无论怎样,她明天就离开我们去加拿大了。
Be it good or bad, I shall finish the assignment by myself.  无论怎样,我都要自己完成作业。
3. 虚拟语气应注意的几个问题
   (1)有时表示虚拟语气的条件从句或者主句都可以省略,而只剩下一个主句或者一个条件从句。例如:
If I had time.  我要有时间该多好啊。
She should have come to the party.  她应该来参加聚会。
   (2)在虚拟语气中,当条件从句和主句所表示的时间不一致时,虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。也就是说,在虚拟语气中,条件从句的动词可以和主句的动词时态不一致。例如:
If they had studied hard, they could do it easily now.  如果他们以前努力学习的话,现在干得就会容易些。
If he had not taken my advice, he wouldn't do it much better like this.  如果他当初不听取我的建议,他现在就不会干得这样好。
   (3)在一般情况下,虚拟语气中be动词的过去式为were,但经常会用was来替代。有时was出现的可能性会大于were。  
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