打蜡处理对温州蜜柑果实异味物质积累的影响
打蜡处理对温州蜜柑果实异味物质积累的影响邹运乾1,张立1,吴方方1,许让伟1,徐娟1,胡世全2,谢合平2,程运江1
(1华中农业大学园艺林学学院/国家柑橘保鲜技术研发专业中心/农业农村部园艺作物生物学与种质创制(果树)重点实验室/园艺植物生物学教育部重点实验室,武汉 430070;2夷陵区农业技术推广中心,湖北宜昌 443100)
摘要:【背景】温州蜜柑(Citrus unshiu)是我国最重要的主栽鲜食宽皮柑橘,经洗果、打蜡、包装等采后商品化处理后,果肉异味物质快速积累,不仅影响果实口感、风味和消费者的购买选择,而且影响到果实的货架期和产品市场竞争能力。【目的】研究打蜡处理对温州蜜柑果实异味物质积累的影响,以期优化宽皮柑橘采后商品化处理技术和工艺,延长果实货架期,提高鲜果的市场竞争能力。【方法】以‘尾张’温州蜜柑成熟果实为试验材料,模拟生产中采用不同固体物含量的果蜡进行打蜡处理;扫描电镜观察各处理果实表面蜡质形态;气相色谱仪检测果实内部气体和异味物质含量;同时对光泽度、异味、风味、出汁量、满意度、甜度、酸度和总体满意度等消费者感官评价指标进行分析。【结果】打蜡处理能增加表面光泽度,同时使果实表面被人工合成蜡液覆盖,扫描电镜观察可见气孔被蜡液堵塞,果实内部O2含量下降,CO2含量上升。常温贮藏3周时,402D原液处理温州蜜柑果实内部CO2浓度增加7.1%,比对照组增加1.0%;O2浓度从1.6%降到1.4%。果肉乙醇和乙醛含量快速积累,产生异味,402D原液处理的果实内部乙醇含量1 773.8 mg·L-1,商业果蜡(美国产402D果蜡)经过稀释可提高果心O2含量,降低CO2的含量,延缓果肉异味物质的积累速率。而1﹕1稀释后,果实内部乙醇含量560.5 mg·L-1,感官评价由“高亮”到“较亮”,总体评价得分显著升高。果实打蜡处理后模拟低温冷链(4℃)贮运能有效抑制异味物质的积累,延长果实货架期。【结论】打蜡处理是导致温州蜜柑果实异味物质快速积累的关键原因,402D果蜡按1﹕1用水稀释后打蜡处理温州蜜柑果实在4℃下冷藏,能显著减少果肉异味物质积累,同时使果实货架期延长至4周。
关键词:柑橘;异味;打蜡处理;感官评价;采后贮藏
0 引言
【研究意义】柑橘作为我国南方地区最重要的水果产业,2018年全国柑橘产量已突破4 100万t(国家统计局统计结果)。与世界其他柑橘生产大国不同,我国温州蜜柑为主的宽皮柑橘约占总产量的2/3,且超过90%的果实用于鲜食。温州蜜柑具有丰产、优质等优点,但仍存在成熟期过度集中、果实不耐贮藏(一般2—4周)、商品化处理后异味物质快速积累导致货架期短等突出问题,直接制约了产业效益的提升。果实采后商品化处理涉及清洗、预分选、保鲜、打蜡、分级、包装、贮运等多道工序。在清洗过程中,柑橘果实表面的天然蜡质层受到损坏,会加速失水、缩短货架期,因此果实表面打蜡(涂膜)处理以补偿清洗对天然蜡质造成的损伤,显得尤为重要。研究表明,打蜡作为果实采后商品化处理的重要环节,不仅可以改善果实外观、减少果实水分散失,还可增强果实对采后病原微生物的抵抗力,降低果实采后腐烂率。但是,打蜡等商品化处理后果实易产生异味,丧失果实新鲜纯正的口感和风味。果蜡相关研究在美国、西班牙等柑橘生产大国开展较早,形成了系列果蜡专利产品,如美国DECCO公司“仙亮”“FMC”等系列果蜡、西班牙FOMESA公司的“威特”果蜡等。我国在果蜡领域的研究基础十分薄弱,生产中使用的果蜡产品主要依赖国外进口,其中美国以虫胶、树脂、脂肪酸盐为主要原材料生产的“仙亮”402D果蜡是我国温州蜜柑最常用的涂膜剂之一。但产区多年的使用结果表明,经402D打蜡处理的温州蜜柑果实4 h后就有明显的异味口感,而且随着存放时间延长,异味愈加浓烈,严重影响果实货架期和市场竞争力。【前人研究进展】涂抹剂用于食品保鲜最早可以追溯到12世纪的宋朝,人们在柠檬和橙子上涂抹脂质成分以达到减少失水的作用。16世纪,食品被涂上脂肪(如猪油)以减少失水,20世纪30年代石蜡、棕榈蜡和乳化油水涂层被用于新鲜水果和蔬菜保鲜。此后涂膜剂被广泛用来防止果蔬采后失水并增加其表面光泽度,如海藻酸钠涂膜处理能够显著降低水蜜桃果实的腐烂率,抑制其呼吸作用,维持果实硬度、延缓丙二醛含量的上升;也能够提高芒果的抗氧化水平。羟丙基甲基纤维素和蜂蜡的涂层可抑制番石榴‘Pedro Sato’成熟,并延长其货架期6 d以上。壳聚糖打蜡处理建阳橘柚能防止病原微生物的侵染,减少病害的发生,保持较高的商品价值。姜黄素保鲜剂打蜡处理沙糖橘贮藏80 d结果表明,其果实腐烂率和失重率均显著低于对照。王日葵等用果蜡处理的夏橙和锦橙果实外观品质均明显地得到提高,402D果蜡处理最好。402D处理芦柑25 d出现酒精味,35 d之后,酒精味加浓,而且还出现其他异味。生产中,温州蜜柑与其他柑橘类型相比更易产生和积累异味,温州蜜柑等宽皮柑橘经市场销售的商业果蜡打蜡处理后,乙醇和乙醛快速积累,形成异味口感,果实的商品性能显著降低。研究表明温州蜜柑比葡萄柚果皮的气体交换和渗透率更低,而且乙醇脱氢酶的活性更高,推测这可能是温州蜜柑不耐贮性的重要原因。【本研究切入点】我国对柑橘采后打蜡处理缺乏系统的研究,没有技术规范;温州蜜柑种植规模大,成熟期早,采后品质保持困难,严重制约了产业效益提升。【拟解决的关键问题】以生产中常用的402D果蜡为参照,通过稀释改变果蜡固体物含量,研究不同固体物含量的果蜡处理温州蜜柑对果实内部O2、CO2、乙醇和乙醛的含量,果实表面特性及消费者感官品质变化的影响,为优化温州蜜柑打蜡工艺和改善果实商品化处理后贮运条件,延长果实货架期,提升产品市场竞争能力提供理论依据。
1 材料与方法
试验于2013—2014及2017年在湖北武汉华中农业大学园艺植物生物学教育部重点实验室进行。
1.1 供试材料
‘尾张’温州蜜柑(Citrus unshiu Marc)采自湖北省宜昌市夷陵区的生产果园,树龄约20年,果实均达到商业采收的成熟标准,选取无病虫害、无机械损伤、无明显果面瑕疵、大小色泽一致的果实为试验材料。每次采摘约200 kg,重复取样3年。
供试蜡液为市场销售的美国402D商业果蜡(Decco, Cerexagri Inc.美国)。
1.2 样品处理
为研究不同固体物含量的果蜡打蜡处理对温州蜜柑果实异味物积累的影响,进行以下4组处理:T1:未经稀释的402D果蜡原液(固体物含量约20%);T2:402D果蜡与水1﹕1稀释液(固体物含量约10%);T3:402D果蜡与水1﹕3稀释液(固体物含量约5%);T4:对照组,直接用清水将果实清洗干净。温州蜜柑果实用清水清洗后晾干,模拟实际生产进行打蜡处理,每吨果实平均用蜡量约为1.4 L。各处理的果实用量约50 kg,打蜡后自然晾干。模拟常温(20℃,相对湿度70%—75%)和冷链(4℃,相对湿度90%—95%)环境,观察果实货架期。常温货架果实每隔1周取1次样,共3次。冷库贮藏为了更好的模拟实际生产,不同打蜡处理后的果实在常温下分别存放0、1、2和4 d(分别标记为Tn 0 d、Tn 1 d、Tn 2 d、Tn 4 d,n=1/2/3)后转冷库贮藏4周,再转常温贮藏1周,分别在冷库贮藏4周及冷库贮藏4周并常温贮藏1周后取样测定相关指标。
1.3 果皮的扫描电镜观察
参照吴方方的方法:用pH 7.2的磷酸盐缓冲液清洗各个处理果实表面。用手术刀片切果皮0.3 cm×0.2 cm的小片状有色层。2.5%戊二醛固定24 h,脱水:乙醇系列30%-50%-70%-85%-95%-100%(2次)逐级脱水,直至脱水干净。换取中间液,临界点干燥,离子溅射仪镀膜后入镜观察。每个处理帖2片,用电子扫描显微镜(NTC JSM-6390LV,日本)100×、1 000×、1 500×、3 000×观察果皮表面状况及气孔,赤道部选4个点做统计观察。
1.4 果实内部CO2和O2含量测定
将不同处理待测果实在烧杯中完全浸于水中,用气密针从果蒂插入果实中柱鞘部位抽取0.5 mL果实内部气体,然后注入气相色谱仪(美国Agilent7890A)。测定条件为:CTR-1填充柱,柱温40℃,TCD检测器温度120℃,每个处理重复3次。
1.5 乙醇、乙醛含量测定
参照吴方方的方法:每3个果实取5 mL果汁,置于10 mL气相色谱专用小瓶中,80℃下水浴15 min后,用气密针取1 mL色谱专用小瓶中顶空气体注入气相色谱仪(美国 Aglilent7890A)。测定条件为:使用DB624毛细管色谱柱,柱温40℃,火焰离子检测器(FID)温度250℃,进样口温度250℃,载气为H2,恒压,载气流速30 mL·min-1,分流比1﹕10,每个处理重复3次。
1.6 感观评价
参照何义仲等的方法,随机招募20名志愿者组成感官评价的测试人员,每次评价时不同处理组以及对照随机选取5个果实做好标记,先目测打分。评价指标包括光泽度、甜度、酸度、异味、风味、出汁率、化渣性、总体满意度,感官评价试验均按0—4级打分,评分标准为5级,其中,0:无;1:轻微;2:一般;3:偏高;4:极高。以总体满意度作为消费者感官评价的最终结果,得分越高说明消费者对果实认可度越高,品质越好。
1.7 数据处理
用Excel 2003处理数据,应用SAS软件ANOVA作差异显著性分析(P<0.05)。
2 结果
2.1 打蜡处理对果皮表面形态的影响
从扫描电镜观察的结果来看,T1处理温州蜜柑果实后,果皮表面气孔被完全覆盖,裂缝较少,气孔堵塞严重;T2或T3处理时,果皮表面气孔被果蜡部分堵塞,T4组处于完全开放状态(图1)。表明高固体物含量的402D果蜡原液对果面气孔的堵塞,会直接影响果实与环境的气体交换。
2.2 打蜡处理对果实内部O2和CO2含量的影响
果实内部气体含量检测结果表明,无论是短期常温贮藏还是长期冷藏,打蜡处理后的温州蜜柑果实内部CO2含量呈上升趋势,O2含量均呈下降趋势,402D原液稀释后处理能够减缓这种变化趋势。常温贮藏条件下,T1处理组CO2浓度从第1周8.4%上升到第3周15.5%(图2)。T2处理CO2浓度从第1周的5.7%上升到第3周的7.1%,而对照组CO2浓度从第1周1.3%仅上升到第3周2.3%,且随着贮藏时间的延长,果实内部CO2浓度逐渐升高。O2含量则逐渐降低,T1处理组O2浓度从第1周的1.6%下降到第3周1.4%(图2),而对照组O2浓度从第1周15.1%下降到第3周13.2%。冷藏条件下,果蜡的固体物含量与打蜡处理后果实转移到冷库的时间间隔对果实中柱空腔内气体浓度均有明显影响。从图2可以看出,固体物含量为20%的402D原液打蜡后即转移到冷库贮藏(T1,0 d)时CO2为6.1%,O2含量为1.4%。对照组(T4,0 d)果实4℃冷藏4周内果实中柱空腔内部CO2的浓度为2.7%,O2浓度为13.1%,固体物含量为20%的402D原液打蜡后常温下放置4 d再转移到冷库的处理(T1,4 d)CO2为8.18%,O2含量为1.4%。冷库贮藏前常温放置的时间越长,冷库贮藏果实内部CO2含量越高。
模拟市场销售的货架期,将冷藏温州蜜柑果实转移到常温下1周,部分处理组果实内部O2含量略上升,CO2含量略下降,这可能与果实内部气体含量和由环境封闭冷库贮藏转移到自然环境后,果实内外气体能更好地进行交换有关。
2.3 打蜡处理对果实乙醇和乙醛含量的影响
低固体物含量的402D果蜡处理的温州蜜柑果实转移到冷库的时间越早,果实内积累的乙醇、乙醛等异味物质含量越低。乙醇和乙醛是果实无氧呼吸产生的代谢物,是果实采后贮藏过程中形成异味的主要物质。打蜡处理与冷藏的时间间隔对果实异味物质的积累有显著的影响。结果表明,打蜡果实中乙醇和乙醛含量显著高于对照,且随着贮藏时间的延长而增加(图3、4)。常温下贮藏3周后,T4组乙醇含量为777.9 mg·L-1,而T1组的果实乙醇含量高达2 899.3 mg·L-1;伴随着402D果蜡固体物含量由20%降低到5%,果实内部的乙醇含量降低到1 415.4 mg·L-1,乙醛含量由27.34 mg·L-1降低到14.07 mg·L-1,并且与图2中第3周402D蜡液处理果实内部CO2含量的升高趋势相同,由于CO2的积累,无氧呼吸加剧导致乙醇、乙醛等异味物质大量累积。上述结果表明,打蜡处理后及时转入低温贮藏,有利于降低乙醇和乙醛的浓度,延缓异味形成。
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图1 不同固体物含量的果蜡处理对‘尾张’温州蜜柑果皮表面形态的影响
Fig.1 Effects of different solid contents of waxing treatment on the surface morphology of ‘Praecox Tanaka’ satsuma mandarin fruit
A、E:T1处理(固体物含量20%);B、F:T2处理(固体物含量10%);C、G:T3处理(固体物含量5%);D、H:T4处理(固体物含量为0)SEM pictures of the epidermis and stomata of A, E: T1 (solid content of 20%); B, F: T2 (solid content of 10%); C, G: T3 (solid content of 5%); D, H: T4 (solid content of 0%) coated fruits
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图2 不同固体物含量的果蜡处理‘尾张’温州蜜柑对果实内部CO2和O2的含量的影响
Fig.2 Effects of different solid content of waxing treatments on the contents of CO2 and O2 in ‘Praecox Tanaka’ satsuma mandarins fruits
A:常温贮藏果实内部CO2含量;B:低温贮藏后转常温贮藏果实内部CO2含量;C:常温贮藏果实内部O2含量;D:低温贮藏后转常温贮藏果实内部O2含量。不同小写字母代表同一时间节点不同处理间统计检验在5%水平差异显著,*代表同一处理下不同时间节点间统计检验在5%水平差异显著
A: Internal CO2 concentration of ‘Praecox Tanaka’ Satsuma mandarins stored under normal temperature; B: Low temperature and then transferred to normal temperature; C: Internal O2 concentration of ‘Praecox Tanaka’ satsuma mandarins stored under normal temperature; D: Low temperature storage and then transferred to normal temperature.Different lowercase letters represent significant differences at 5% level between different solid content of waxing treatments under the same time point, * represent statistically significant differences at 5% level at different time point
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图3 不同固体物含量果蜡处理对‘尾张’温州蜜柑果实乙醇含量的影响
Fig.3 Effects of different solid content of waxing treatments on the contents of alcohol in ‘Praecox Tanaka’ satsuma mandarins
A:常温贮藏不同处理乙醇含量;B:冷库贮藏T1(固体物含量20%)与对照处理乙醇含量;C:冷库贮藏T2(固体物含量10%)与对照处理乙醇含量;D:冷库贮藏T3(固体物含量5%)与对照处理乙醇含量。不同小写字母表示同一时间不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。下同 A: Ethanol contents in the juice under different treatments stored at room temperature; B: Ethanol content of fruits treated with T1 (solid content of 20%) and control in cold storage; C:Ethanol content of fruits treated with T2 (solid content of 10%) and control in cold storage; D: Ethanol content of fruits treated with T3 (solid content of 5%) and control in cold storage.Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference among different treatments at the same time (P<0.05).The same as below
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图4 不同蜡液处理对‘尾张’温州蜜柑果实乙醛含量的影响
Fig.4 Effects of different solid content of waxing treatments on the contents of alcohol in ‘Praecox Tanaka’ Satsuma mandarins fruits
A:常温贮藏不同处理乙醛含量;B:冷库贮藏T1(固体物含量20%)与对照处理乙醛含量;C:冷库贮藏T2(固体物含量10%)与对照处理乙醛含量;D:冷库贮藏T3(固体物含量5%)与对照处理乙醛含量 A: Acetaldehyde contents in the juice under different treatments and storage at room temperature;the higher the solid content is, the higher the acetaldehyde content in fruit will be; B: acetaldehyde content of fruits treated with T1 (The solid content is 20%)and control in cold storage; C: Acetaldehydel contents of fruits treated with T2 (The solid content is 10%) and control in cold storage; D: Acetaldehyde contents of fruits treated with T3 (The solid content is 5%) and control in cold storage
4℃冷藏4周后,不同固体物含量的402D果蜡处理的果实内部乙醇、乙醛含量之间差异不显著,但当转移到常温下放置1周(模拟果实货架期)后,乙醇、乙醛等异味物质含量急剧增加,T1处理的果实内部乙醇含量显著积累,由470.6 mg·L-1增加到1 773.8 mg·L-1,而T2组则由396.2 mg·L-1增加到560.5 mg·L-1,说明适当降低果蜡固体物含量有助于减少异味物质的积累。
2.4 打蜡处理对果实感官品质的影响
消费者感官评价的结果表明,常温贮藏3周,T2处理过的温州蜜柑虽然亮度比T1处理的低,但对维持有机酸的水平,延缓异味物质的积累具有明显的效果(图5)。由图5可看出,亮度由‘高亮’到‘较亮’;在异味方面,T1处理异味最明显,随着固体物含量的降低,异味分降低,由‘强烈异味’到‘适度异味’;在风味方面,T3和T2相比T1处理的风味更强。总体来看,不同固体物含量的果蜡处理在温州蜜柑果实的光泽度、异味、风味、酸度方面差异显著,在甜度、出汁率、化渣性等方面差异不显著。贮藏4周,从总体评价来看,与常温下感官评价的结果一致,T2处理效果最好(表1)。上述结果表明,打蜡能够显著提高温州蜜柑果皮亮度,且固体物含量越高,果实亮度越高;但降低蜡液固体物含量,果实异味含量降低,风味、化渣性、出汁率和满意度随之增高。
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图5 打蜡和对照‘尾张’温州蜜柑果实的感官评价
Fig.5 Sensory attributes of wax-coated and -uncoated ‘Praecox Tanaka’ satsuma mandarins after three weeks of storage at room temperature
表1 ‘尾张’温州蜜柑果实的感官评价
Table 1 Sensory attributes of wax-coated and -uncoated ‘Praecox Tanaka’ satsuma mandarins
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*:冷库贮藏4周;**:冷库贮藏4周后转常温贮藏1周
*: Cold storage for 4 weeks; **: Cold storage for 4 weeks and then transfer to normal temperature storage for 1 week
4℃冷藏4周,果蜡固体物含量对温州蜜柑果实的光泽度影响较大,但对果实的异味、酸度、甜度、风味等品质性状无显著影响(表1)。T1处理后即刻转入冷库(T1 0 d)亮度评分均为3.81,T2、T3处理后即刻转入冷库亮度评分为2.50,T4处理为1.19。打蜡处理后,果实在转入冷库前常温下放置的时间越长,亮度越低,感官评价反映异味越浓,总体评价越低,T1处理后即刻转入冷库亮度评分为3.81,常温放置4 d再转入冷库(T1 4 d)亮度评分则为2.50。总体评价最高为T2处理后立即转入冷库(T2 0 d)贮藏组,平均评分4.11;最低为T1处理后常温放置4 d再转入冷库贮藏组(T1 4 d),平均评分2.78。模拟销售时的货架条件,将不同处理的果实从冷库转移到常温下1周后(表1),其中T1处理异味打分明显增加,由‘轻度异味’到‘适度异味’或‘强烈异味’,T1 0 d异味评价得分从2.31到2.47,T1第4天异味评价得分从1.50到2.53,T2 0 d异味评价得分从1.38到1.93。总评价也变差,T1 0 d总体评价得分从3.45到1.42,T1第4天总体评价得分从2.78到1.06,T2 0 d总体评价得分从4.11到3.58,说明冷库贮藏后转入常温使果实异味物质积累显著,总体评价显著降低。
3 讨论
402D果蜡是我国温州蜜柑采后商品化处理中最常用的涂膜剂之一,采用402D打蜡处理我国温州蜜柑后引起的异味物质积累加速、果实表皮褐变、内部品质下降等问题十发突出。柑橘果实采后商品化处理过程中,打蜡处理使果实表面被人工合成蜡液覆盖,从而增加果实表面光泽度。但是打蜡处理在改善果实表面光泽度的同时也影响到果实与环境的气体交换,果实内部会逐步积累呼吸代谢产生的CO2,常温贮藏3周,402D原液处理温州蜜柑果实内部CO2浓度增加7.12%;O2浓度降低到1.4%。固体物含量越高,蜡液黏度越大,附着于果实表面的蜡液也越多,厚度越厚。蜡液厚度与果实内部气体的变化有直接的关系,从而影响果实内部呼吸方式的变化。当果实内部O2含量低于果实有氧呼吸所需O2的阀值,CO2含量高于果实忍耐极限值时,果实就会发生无氧呼吸导致品质下降。
乙醇和乙醛是一种增加果实风味的前体物质,但乙醇含量高于1 500 mg·L-1时就会降低果实风味,产生一种‘酒糟’异味。伴随无氧呼吸产生的乙醇和乙醛的不断积累,加剧了柑橘果实‘酒糟’异味的产生。402D原液处理3周时乙醇含量2 899.3 mg·L-1,乙醛含量27.34 mg·L-1,品尝试验结果表明风味评分为1.6,稀释至1/4浓度时乙醇含量降低一半,风味评分2.7。说明固体物含量越高,果实透气性越差,而透气性较差的果蜡处理的果实在常温贮藏条件下,代谢加快,糖酸含量降低,总体风味变淡。
固体物含量高的(402D原液)处理果实亮度最高,降低蜡液固体物含量导致打蜡果实亮度降低的同时果实中的异味物质含量也明显降低。试验表明固体物含量的降低会导致果实失重率增加,但CO2、乙醇、乙醛等物质透过率增大。402D原液处理亮度评分2.8,稀释至1/2浓度后评分为2.1,总体评价由1.7增至2.5。本研究结果和美国、西班牙、以色列等柑橘生产大国的生产经验均表明,打蜡是柑橘采后商品化过程中必不可少的重要环节,但果蜡的选择必须考虑柑橘品种和产区气候特点,各柑橘生产大国均针对本国主栽柑橘品种研发了专用果蜡配方。因此,根据我国柑橘果面天然蜡质生物学特点,开发品种特异性的专用果蜡产品对提高我国柑橘采后商品化处理的技术水平具有重要意义。
温州蜜柑果实采收季节气温较高,果实经打蜡等商品化处理后,尽快进入低温冷链环境(4℃),可有效抑制果实的失重和异味物质积累。相比常温贮藏(20℃),4℃冷藏条件下不同浓度果蜡处理的温州蜜柑果实内部乙醇和乙醛含量都有所下降,有利于贮藏后期果实的品质保持,延长销售货架期。但冷库贮藏果实转移到常温1周后,果实无氧呼吸加剧,乙醇和乙醛含量迅速积累。改善果蜡的透气性是延缓果实中异味物质积累的有效途径,根据现有的打蜡生产工艺,结合冷链和冷贮藏也是解决该问题的有效方法。但是,一旦中途冷链环境受到破坏,则会导致果实异味的快速积累。此外,降低现有果蜡固体物的含量,改善果面透气性也可达到控制果实异味的效果,但生产中会增加打蜡后烘干环节的能耗。
4 结论
高固体物含量的402D果蜡处理温州蜜柑阻隔了果实内外气体的交换,导致CO2积累,O2浓度降低,从而加剧果实的无氧呼吸,导致乙醇、乙醛等异味物质积累。高固体物含量的402D果蜡是引起温州蜜柑商品化处理后异味物质快速积累的直接原因,对402D进行1﹕1稀释且打蜡后快速预冷,结合全程冷链可有效缓解果实异味积累。
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Effects of Wax Coating on Off-Flavor Compound Accumulation in the Pulp of Satsuma Mandarin
ZOU YunQian1, ZHANG Li1, WU FangFang1, XU RangWei1, XU Juan1, HU ShiQuan2,XIE HePing2, CHENG YunJiang1
(1College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University/National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Genetic Improvement (Fruit Crops), Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070;2 Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Yiling county, Yichang 443100, Hubei)
Abstract: 【Background】 Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu) is the most important loose-skinned citrus fruit for fresh consumption in China.After washing, coating, packaging and other postharvest commercial handlings, the fruits often undergo a rapid accumulation of off-flavor compounds in the pulp, which obviously influences the taste and flavor and further affects the consumer's choice as well as the shelf life and market competitiveness of the fruit.【Objective】In order to optimize its postharvest commercial handling, the influence of waxing treatment on Satsuma mandarin was investigated, so as to prolong its shelf life and increase its market competitiveness.【Method】 ‘Praecox Tanaka’ Satsuma mandarin fruits were treated with a series of dilutions of commercial waxes.Then, the internal CO2 and O2 content, ethanol and acetaldehyde concentrations and morphological changes of surface wax were monitored by GC-MS.In addition, the sensory attributes, including gloss, off-flavor, flavor, juiciness, mastication,sweetness, tartness and overall quality, were analyzed to comprehensively evaluate the effects of different treatments on fruit’s postharvest quality.【Result】 The result showed that undiluted commercial wax T1 (402D) was able to increase the gloss of fruit surface, however, which could be detected clearly with scanning electron microscopy.The fruit surface was fully covered with artificial wax, which contributed to lower O2 and higher CO2 content.The internal content of CO2 in undiluted 402D treated Satsuma mandarin fruit was increased by 7.1% when the fruits were stored for 3 weeks, and the O2 content decreased from 1.6% to 1.4%.Compared to the control group, the content of CO2 was increased by 1.0% in treated fruits.Waxing also led to a rapid accumulation of off-flavor compounds such as ethanol and acetaldehyde in the pulp, and dilution of the mother solution could increase O2 content and decrease CO2 content at the fruit core, as well as retard the accumulation rate of off-flavor compounds.It was further found dilution of 402D with water to a proportion of 1:1 could be rather effective, as we observed that the ethanol content was 1 773.8 mg·L-1 in 402D treated fruits and the number lower to 560.5 mg·L-1 in 402D/H2O (1:1) treated fruits.Also, the sensory evaluation changed from "highlighted" to "brighter", and the overall evaluation score increased significantly in 402D/H2O (1:1) treated fruits.Besides, constant cold chain (4℃) after the coating treatment could effectively inhibit off-flavor compound accumulation and prolong the shelf life.【Conclusion】 Coating treatment was the key reason for the rapid accumulation of off-flavor compounds in Satsuma mandarin fruit.When the fruit was treated with 402D/H2O (1:1) and then stored at 4℃, the accumulation of ethanol and acetaldehyde, two typical odorous compounds, could be significantly reduced, which helped to greatly improve the taste and extend the shelf life to four weeks.
Key words: mandarin; off-flavors compound; commercial wax; sensory evaluation; postharvest storage
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