肌肉衰减症的动态识解及对我国运动科学研究的启示
肌肉衰减症的动态识解及对我国运动科学研究的启示李海鹏1,刘 宇2*
(1.浙江工业大学 体育军训部,浙江 杭州 310014;2.上海体育学院 科学研究院,上海 240038)
摘 要:肌肉衰减症已成为公共卫生领域的热点问题之一。30年间,肌肉衰减症的内涵不断演进,经历了“新概念初成—单维度诊断—三维度共识—升级新共识”4个发展阶段,形成了6种国际共识。2019年,欧洲共识(EWGSOP)和亚洲共识(AWGS)又先后将原有共识进行了升级更新。期间,肌肉衰减症入编国际疾病分类表;诊断标准由“肌肉含量单维度”向“肌肉含量、肌肉力量、身体活动能力三维度”转变;三阶段划分从“轻度—中度—重度”改为“可能阳性—确诊阳性—重度阳性”;诊断流程以“F-A-C-S”替代“步速—握力—肌肉含量”;新增SARC-F量表和SarQoL®专用生活质量量表;肌肉力量“前置”;修改诊断指标与诊断阈值等均成为其演进中的代表性事件。升级后的EWGSOP2共识虽同其他共识间的一致性并不理想,但因其弱化了对双能X线吸收检测法的依赖,并对临床后果及3年内死亡率的预测价值较高,在肌肉衰减症临床化进程中具有积极意义。现有介入研究显示,运动是应对肌肉衰减症的有效手段,其中,运动单因素干预时抗阻运动的干预效果已毋庸置疑,但运动联合营养双因素干预效果尚存分歧。建议我国运动科学研究者在动态识解现有共识的基础上,围绕运动干预专家共识、运动干预规范、运动干预标准化以及替代运动方案等议题展开深入研究,以体医融合新模式助力健康中国。
关键词:肌肉衰减症;共识;动态识解;介入研究;运动干预
1989年,Tufts大学Rosenberg教授首次将“sarcopenia(肌肉衰减症)”一词用于描述“衰老相关的肌肉含量(muscle mass)减少”现象(Rosenberg,1997)。如今,肌肉衰减症已成为公共卫生领域又一热议焦点(Beaudart et al.,2014;Bruyère et al.,2016)。尽管2001年起,肌肉衰减症就曾被《美国医学会杂志》(The Journal of the American Medical Association,JAMA)和《英国医学杂志》(The British Medical Journal,BMJ)等顶级医学期刊关注(Roubenoff et al.,2001;Sayer,2010),但均为篇幅较短的社论。2019年,《柳叶刀》(The Lancet)正刊发表的一篇专题研讨将肌肉衰减症研究正式推向新高度(Cruz-Jentoft et al.,2019b)。
30年间,肌肉衰减症的定义描述、内涵解读、诊断方法、诊断指标、诊断阈值以及诊断流程等均一直处于动态演进状态(Da et al.,2019;Studenski,2015;Yakabe et al.,2020),相关干预研究进展受限。鉴于肌肉衰减症不仅是导致老年人跌倒、骨折、残疾、失能、住院乃至死亡等的风险因素,而且还可作为糖尿病、心血管病以及癌症等的合并症恶化病情(Pacifico et al.,2020),因此,迫切需要研究者以动态视角对其演进历程及多元共识进行全面认识与深入解读,有效推动干预研究进程。不仅为今后从运动科学的视角循因施策找到启示,而且为延缓、治疗肌肉衰减症提供体医融合新思路。
1 肌肉衰减症的演进历程
1.1 新概念初成阶段(1989-1997年)
通常情况下,老年人跌倒骨折常归因于骨质疏松。事实上,肌肉衰减症虽不像骨质疏松症那样家喻户晓,但二者实为“硬币的两面”,共同上演着“危险的二重奏”,肌肉衰减症的存在使得老年人跌倒骨折的风险倍增(Crepaldi et al.,2005)。Janssen等(2004a)指出,肌肉衰减症产生的医疗成本会给个人、家庭及社会带来沉重的经济负担。因此,Matthews等(2011)认为,肌肉衰减症已成为肌骨转化医学领域中继骨质疏松症之后的“新靶标”。据不完全统计,1997年以前共有26篇以“肌肉衰减症”为题的论文发表,主要目的就是希望能够独成概念,以突显“随增龄或衰老而呈现出的肌肉减少”的生理内涵。
1.2 单维度诊断阶段(1998-2008年)
1998年,Baumgartner等(1998)通过采用双能X线吸收检测法(Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry,DXA)等进行肌肉含量检测,率先提出以四肢肌肉含量(Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass,ASM)除以身高的平方(即ASM/ht2,kg/m2)作为诊断指标,参照18~40岁青年对照人群2×SD的下限作为诊断阈值(cut-off points),从肌肉含量单维度判定肌肉衰减症。2002年,Janssen等(2002)通过公式(肌肉含量/体重×100)引入骨骼肌含量指数(Skeletal Muscle Mass Index,SMI),并以青年对照人群肌肉含量平均值1×SD和2×SD下限作为阈值,将其分为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型,结果发现,Ⅱ型肌肉衰减症的老年人发生功能障碍及残疾的可能性是SMI值正常老年人的2~3倍。2003年,Newman等(2003)提出,应引入身高、体脂等作为校正因素建立回归模型,以残差值(residual value)评估肌肉含量诊断肌肉衰减症。此后,又有研究者采用不同的诊断指标及诊断阈值提出了各自的诊断标准(表1)。但总体而言,Baumgartner等(1998)提出的诊断标准沿用最广,且肌肉衰减症的定义仅以肌肉含量单维度低于青年对照人群作为主要依据。尽管如此,Bijlsma等(2013)认为还是非常有必要就肌肉衰减症的判定标准形成共识。
表1 肌肉衰减症的不同诊断标准
Table 1 Different Diagnostic Criteria of Sarcopenia
pagenumber_ebook=57,pagenumber_book=55
注:引自Bijlsma等(2013)。
1.3 三维度共识阶段(2009-2018年)
为了统一认识,2009年欧洲老年人肌肉衰减症工作组(European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People,EWGSOP)成立。EWGSOP首次提出了肌肉衰减症的操作性定义,即一种以肌肉含量减少、肌肉力量衰退以及身体活动能力下降为主要特征,常导致残疾、生活质量下降甚至死亡的老年综合征。同时,建议除肌肉含量维度之外,引入肌肉功能的两个维度(肌肉力量和身体活动能力)综合判定肌肉衰减症。其中,肌肉含量可以通过CT、MRI、DXA、BIA和人体形态测量法等进行检测,肌肉力量可通过握力(Handgrip Strength,HGS)和膝关节伸/屈肌力等进行检测,身体活动能力则可选择简易体能状况量表(Short Physical Performance Battery,SPPB)、正常步 速(Gait Speed,GS)、计时起立行走(Timed Up and Go Test,TUG)和爬楼梯测试等进行。与此同时,EWGSOP共识对肌肉衰减症进行了阶段划分(表2),并针对三维度中不同诊断方法的诊断指标分别明确了相应的诊断阈值,并且提出了规范的诊断流程(图1左)(Cruz-Jentoft et al.,2010)。
此后,国际肌肉衰减症工作组(International Working Group on Sarcopenia,IWGS)(Fielding et al.,2011)、美国国立卫生研究院基金会肌肉衰减症项目组(The Foundation for the National Institutes of Health Sarcopenia Project,FNIH)(Studenski et al.,2014)、亚洲肌肉衰减症工作组(Asia Working Group for Sarcopenia,AWGS)(Chen et al.,2014)、欧洲临床营养与代谢学会(European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism-Special Interest Groups,ESPEN-SIG)(Muscaritoli et al.,2010)和肌肉衰减症-恶病质-衰竭紊乱症学会(Society of Sarcopenia,Cachexia and Wasting Disorders Workshop,SSCWD)(Morley et al.,2011)等国际学术组织也纷纷提出了各自共识的诊断标准(表2)。
表2 各种共识三维度判定标准
Table 2 The Diagnostic Criteria of Sarcopenia in Different Consensus
pagenumber_ebook=58,pagenumber_book=56
注:MM:Muscle Mass;MS:Muscle Strength;PP:Physical Performance;SAR:sarcopenia;Pre-SAR:Pre-sarcopenia;N/A:Not Available;△为升级版更新点。
虽然6种共识提出的诊断指标与诊断阈值不同,但诊断过程中应将肌肉含量联同肌肉功能(肌肉力量或/和身体活动能力)综合分析的观点却不谋而合。至此,肌肉衰减症研究正式步入了“三维度共识时代”,其内涵也不再局限于单纯增龄性的生理现象,转而涵盖了在生命周期早期即可出现且存在多种归因的病理特征。
1.4 升级新共识阶段(2019年至今)
2016年,肌肉衰减症被联合国世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)国际疾病分类表(ICD-10-CM)收录,代码 M62.84(Cao et al.,2016),其定义在前一阶段的基础上,由“病征”向“病症”转变,为今后纳入临床建立了良好的开端。与此同时,鉴于肌肉力量维度导致老年人丧失独立自理能力的风险比肌肉含量维度更高,有研究认为,肌肉力量维度才是肌肉衰减症诊断的关键切入点(Dos Santos et al.,2017)。2019年,EWGSOP和AWGS两大组织分别升级形成了EWGSOP2共识和AWGS共识(2019版),并将2009年EWGSOP共识同时改称为EWGSOP1共识(Chen et al.,2020;Cruz-Jentoft et al.,2019a)。
不同于此前EWGSOP1共识中突出肌肉含量的核心地位以及“步速→握力→肌肉含量”的逆向诊断逻辑,EWGSOP2共识以肌肉力量代替肌肉含量作为肌肉衰减症的首要考量因素,提出了“发现病例(find cases)→评估(assess)→确诊(confirm)→严重程度评价(severity)”(即“FA-C-S”)筛查诊断流程(图1右),并在“发现病例”阶段引入SARC-F量表作为快速简易的初筛工具,以提高大样本量人群研究的效率(杨则宜 等,2019;Malmstrom et al.,2016)。此后,又有研究在此基础上引入小腿围(Calf Circumference,CC)评估肌肉含量维度形成新的SARC-CalF量表,以增强同肌肉功能关联度(李海鹏等,2018;Barbosa-Silva et al.,2016)。AWGS共识(2019版)支持EWGSOP2共识将肌肉力量维度“前置”以及将SARC-F量表引入“发现病例”初筛环节的同时,也以“肌肉衰减症可能阳性”替代了临床预后意义不足的“轻度肌肉衰减症”的阶段划分,对肌肉衰减症的肌肉力量和身体活动能力两个维度的诊断阈值和诊断指标进行了修订与补充(表2),并将社区人群与临床住院人群的诊断区分开来。
pagenumber_ebook=59,pagenumber_book=57
图1 EWGSOP共识(左)和EWGSOP2共识(右)推荐的肌肉衰减症诊断流程
Figure 1.The Diagnostic Process of Sarcopenia Suggested by EWGSOP and EWGSOP2(Cruz-Jentoft et al.,2010,2019)
2 不同时期多种共识的应用比较
2.1 2010-2018年的应用比较
2010-2018年,各项研究主要将EWGSOP1共识作为“金标准”进行共识比较(表3)。Lee等(2013)研究显示,IWGS共识和EWGSOP1共识诊断一致性一般。Locquet等(2018)将IWGS、SSCWD、AWGS和FNIH这4种共识同EWGSOP1共识进行比较,结果显示,5种共识的阴性预测率(Negative Predictive Value,NPV)均较高(>87.0%),而阳性预测率(Positive Predictive Value,PPV)却相对较低(<51.0%);除 IWGS共识(Cohen’s κ系数为0.71)外,其余共识同“金标准”间的一致性基本处于“弱~一般”水平。然而,Zeng等(2018)将AWGS、IWGS和FNIH这3种共识同EWGSOP1共识相比较却意外发现,4种共识下80岁及以上高龄老年人肌肉衰减症发生率均较高,各种共识间的一致性有所提升。
2.2 2019年至今的应用比较
2019年EWGSOP2共识提出后,又有研究者将其与EWGSOP1或AWGS共识进行了对比研究(表3)。总体来看,由于肌肉含量维度和肌肉力量维度诊断阈值下调等原因,EWGSOP2共识的诊断发生率比EWGSOP1共识普遍偏低(De Freitas et al.,2020;Hajaoui et al.,2019;Locquet et al.,2019;Petermann-Rocha et al.,2020;Saeki et al.,2019)。与此同时,由于EWGSOP2共识不仅将座椅起立(Sit to Stand Test,STS)和TUG分别纳入了肌肉力量维度和身体活动能力维度,而且提供了明确的诊断阈值,因而使得即使研究人群相同,但新旧共识双重阳性率并不高,存在错配(mismatch)现象。Kim 等(2019)和 Yang等(2020)分别以韩国和中国社区老年人为研究对象,发现EWGSOP2共识与EWGSOP1、IWGS、AWGS和FNIH共识间也均存有差异。
总体看来,虽然EWGSOP2共识标准“拉低”了肌肉衰减症的发生率,且同各种共识间的一致性并不理想,但这并非EWGSOP2共识所特有。鉴于EWGSOP1共识同其他共识间的一致性也并不高,所以,不能仅凭一致性低就降低了对EWGSOP2共识的效果评价。相反,有研究显示,EWGSOP2共识对肌肉衰减症临床后果及3年内死亡率等预测效果优于EWGSOP1等共识,利于将肌肉衰减症进一步推向临床,利于肌肉衰减症相关干预研究的有效开展(Bianchi et al.,2019;Reiss et al.,2019;Zhuang et al.,2019)。
表3 多种共识间及EWGSOP共识更新前后人群应用比较
Table 3 Comparison of Application between Different Consensuses
pagenumber_ebook=60,pagenumber_book=58
注:HGS:Hand Grip Strength;GS:Gait Speed;HR:Hazard Ratio;OS:Overall Survival;DFS:Disease-Free Survival;STS:Sitto Stand test。
3 肌肉衰减症的运动干预效果
Sgrò等(2019)指出,运动、营养和药物是预防、延缓和治疗肌肉衰减症的“三驾马车”。然而,三驾马车却非“并驾齐驱”。由于缺乏有效的治疗药物,非药物干预成为当前肌肉衰减症的主流策略,其中,运动更是以其独特的性价优势成为非药物干预的最佳方式(De Spiegeleer et al.,2018;Phu et al.,2015)。虽然有 Meta研究显示,由肌肉衰减症引发的后果主要包括身体活动能力减退(残疾、失能等)、住院与否、住院时间、跌倒、骨折以及死亡6种(Beaudart et al.,2017),但当对运动干预肌肉衰减症的效果进行研究时,焦点仍集中在是否能够改善或提升肌肉含量、肌肉力量和身体活动能力3个维度。
3.1 当前运动干预研究的现状
迄今为止,仅有2项研究围绕肌肉衰减症的运动干预效果做了伞状综述(umbrella review)。Beckwée等(2019)指出,当前肌肉衰减症的运动干预主要有抗阻运动、抗阻运动联合营养补充、综合运动干预以及血流限制训练(Blood Flow Restriction Training,BFR)这4种主流形式。高质量证据表明,抗阻运动对肌肉含量、肌肉力量以及身体活动能力均具有显著促进作用,应予优先推荐;而综合运动干预与BFR由于证据等级一般或需专人监督等原因成为选择推荐。其中,为了使抗阻运动能够产生预期的效果,建议以70%~80%1 RM,每组重复8~15次,每天4组,每周2~3天,至少持续6~12周作为参考。然而,Moore等(2020)研究却表明,现有研究虽然已通过抗阻运动、综合运动干预以及全身振动训练(Whole Body Vibration,WBV)等开展肌肉衰减症的运动干预,但是相关研究干预效果的证据等级较低,且大部分研究均缺少对受试人群进行干预前的肌肉衰减症诊断,所得结论有待商榷。由此可见,上述两项伞状综述难以一致的根源在于运动干预研究的证据等级。事实上,高质量证据的获得需遵循介入研究规范,按照“确诊后再运动干预”的研究思路,在了解肌肉衰减初始状况的基础上,参照国际共识从最基本的随机对照试验(Randomized Controlled Trial,RCT)中寻找答案。
3.2 运动单因素干预对肌肉衰减症的影响
截至目前,Pubmed数据库中严格参照各项国际共识标准开展肌肉衰减症“确诊后再运动干预”的RCT实验数量非常有限。据不完全统计(表4),有6项研究在运动干预前以EWGSOP1共识作为参考标准对受试人群进行了肌肉衰减症诊断,另有3项研究参照AWGS共识,1项研究参照FNIH共识进行肌肉衰减症诊断后开展运动干预效果研究。
上述10项研究采用的运动干预包括渐进式抗阻运动(progressive resistance training,PRT)、综合运动、循环训练以及WBV等多种形式,每周运动2~3天,持续时间8周~9个月不等,主要以运动对肌肉衰减症三维度的影响来体现干预效果。由表4可见,各项研究中运动对肌肉力量以及身体活动能力两个维度均呈现出积极的改善效果;个别研究还显示,运动能够下调肌肉衰减症的发生率,提高患者的生活质量,只是对于肌肉含量维度的干预效果存有较大差异,这一点与De Mello等(2019)系统综述的结果相一致。此外,有2项研究显示,即使停训后运动干预效果仍具有一定的“痕迹效应”。考虑到EWGSOP2共识中将肌肉力量维度前置以体现其在临床中的重要意义,由此确定,运动(尤其抗阻运动)对于肌肉衰减症患者的积极干预效果已毋庸置疑。
3.3 运动联合营养双因素干预对肌肉衰减症的影响
当前,运动不仅可以对肌肉衰减症进行单因素干预,而且还常与营养补剂相结合形成双因素联合干预模式。虽然运动联合营养能够改善健康老年人的肌肉含量、肌肉力量以及身体活动能力(Denison et al.,2015),但对肌肉衰减症患者的干预效果多为推论,尚缺少基于实证的明确定论。据不完全统计,目前,Pubmed和中国知网两大数据库中有7项RCT实验基于国际共识在肌肉衰减症诊断后进行运动联合营养补剂双因素干预(表5),其中,有3项以EWGSOP1共识为标准、4项以AWGS共识为标准对受试人群的肌肉衰减症进行了诊断。国外5项研究中运动形式仍主要以每周2~3天的抗阻运动为主,且运动持续时间相对一致,营养补剂的补充种类既有单一补充胶原多肽,也有多元补充乳清蛋白、糖、脂肪、氨基酸和VD等综合补剂。相比之下,国内2项研究对于运动强度及营养补剂的用量等信息缺少详述,规范性有待提高。
上述7项研究中有4项研究显示,运动联合营养干预不仅显著改善了肌肉衰减症患者的肌肉含量、肌肉力量以及身体活动能力,而且还比抗阻运动单因素干预的效果更佳。这与Luo等(2017)研究认为的营养补充能够“增强”运动干预效果的结论基本一致。然而,也有研究持不同观点,Miyazaki等(2016)研究认为,运动联合营养双因素干预的效果并未明显优于运动单因素干预,这一点在Zhu等(2019)运动联合营养干预并未呈现“叠加”效应的研究中得到印证。Damanti等(2019)认为,之所以呈现出上述相悖的结果,可能是由于偏离或忽略了肌肉衰减症患者每天每kg体重至少需补充1.0~1.2 g蛋白、10~15 g必需氨基酸(EEA)和3 g亮氨酸,且在运动后2~3 h补充方能达到营养补充的最佳促进效应。
4 对我国运动科学研究的启示
我国对于肌肉衰减症的认识与研究起步较晚。虽然1997年《世界科学》杂志发表了一篇科普译文(王福彭,1997),但直到2007年《体育科学》杂志2篇论文的发表方才揭开国内肌肉衰减症学术研究的序幕(李海鹏等,2007;刘宇等,2007),运动科学研究者也因此成为该领域的先行者。
表4 运动对肌肉衰减症的单因素干预研究
Table 4 Effects of Exerciseon Sarcopenia
pagenumber_ebook=62,pagenumber_book=60
注:SAR:Sarcopenia;PRT:Progressive Resistance Training;AET:Aerobic Exercise Training;RCT:Randomized Controlled Trial;CON:control group;APA:Adapted PhysicalActivity program;KES:Knee Extension Strength;TF:Trunk Force;PEF:Peak Expiratory Flow;FFM:Fat Free Mass;FM:Fat Mass;SMM:Skeletal Muscle Mass;LP:Linear Periodization Resistance Training;NP:Nonperiodized Resistance Training;RM:Repeated Maximum;LBM:Lean body mass;CRP:C-reactive protein;BFR:Blood Flow Restriction Training;IS:Isokinetic strength;CWBV:Continuous Whole-Body Vibration;IWBV:Intermittent Whole-Body Vibration;JH:Jump Height;S R:Sit andReach flexibility test;BPP:Bench Press Power。
表5 运动联合营养补充对肌肉衰减症的双因素干预研究
Table 5 Effects of Combination of Exercise and Nutrition on Sarcopenia
pagenumber_ebook=63,pagenumber_book=61
注:NS:Nutrition Supplementation;IQS:Isokinetic quadriceps strength;WP:Whey Protein;EAA:Essential amino acid;TFM:Total Fat Mass;MQ:Muscle Quality;HMB:β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate。
4.1 动态识解肌肉衰减症内涵
目前,国内肌肉衰减症相关的综述、动物实验和人群研究数量不断上升,但由于肌肉衰减症的中文翻译参差不齐以及对其内涵理解不到位等原因,迟迟未能同国际前沿精准对接。因此,笔者建议以“肌肉衰减症”作为国内统一中文翻译,以“衰”和“减”依次体现国际共识中的肌肉功能和肌肉含量变化特征,动态识解其深刻内涵,在彰显EWGSOP2共识中突出肌肉功能首要地位的同时,避免长期以来“肌少症”等译法带来的单维度认知误导及其在2016年正式纳入WHO国际疾病分类表(ICD-10-CM)确认成“病症”之前即已称“症”的不严谨性(杜艳萍等,2014)。与此同时,对于肌肉衰减症的诊断流程需进一步规范,并尽快探索中国人适用的诊断指标和诊断阈值(Wen et al.,2011)。
4.2 运动干预共识亟待形成
尽管自2015年起,医学领域的专家曾先后形成了“肌肉衰减综合征营养与运动干预中国专家共识”(孙建琴等,2015)、“肌少症共识”(中华医学会骨质疏松和骨矿盐疾病分会,2016)、“肌肉衰减综合征中国专家共识(草案)”(中华医学会老年医学分会,2017)以及“老年人肌少症口服营养补充中国专家共识”(中华医学会老年医学分会,2019)4份共识,但均未能以当前中国青年人群的相关数据作为对照提出相应的诊断标准及诊断阈值。目前,相关研究仍难摆脱对EWGSOP1共识或AWGS共识的依赖(李海鹏等,2017a,2017b),限制了国内相关流行病学研究的开展。此外,上述国内相关共识的推荐意见虽然包含了营养和运动两方面,但对运动干预的推荐意见却乏善可陈,因此,肌肉衰减症的运动干预专家共识已是众盼所望。
4.3 运动干预应以共识诊断为前提
如前所述,虽然已有不少有关抗阻运动对肌肉衰减症的运动干预研究,但大部分研究对于运动干预的人群特征及肌肉衰减症判定标准描述不够清晰(Vlietstra et al.,2018),常出现以“老年人”等同“肌肉衰减症患者”,以“肌肉含量单维度减少”替代“三维度衰减”等混淆情况,既忽略了肌肉衰减症存在发生率的客观事实,又忽视了肌肉衰减症诊断的科学规范。国内虽已有基于科学知识图谱进行肌肉衰减症运动疗法的可视化研究,但由于CiteSpaceⅢ软件多聚焦于发文量、机构分布、作者分布以及高频关键词等指标,从而使得运动干预的诸多关键细节存在选择性失察(江婉婷等,2017)。因此,考虑到现有共识已推出升级版,建议国内运动科学研究者尽快对照新共识的诊断流程调整研究思路,以SARC-F量表为着眼点,遵循三维度的诊断次序,明晰三阶段划分,针对性地开展我国老年人群肌肉衰减症的运动干预研究,提升RCT实验的证据等级。
4.4 运动干预标准需要尽快建立
现已公认,抗阻运动作为应对肌肉衰减症最有效的手段应予以优先推荐。即使抗阻运动不能引起肌肉含量的必然增加,但至少可以通过增强肌肉力量与身体活动能力延迟老年人肌肉的衰减进程。纵观上述研究,尽管均符合美国运动医学会(American College of Sports Medicine,ACSM)推荐的抗阻运动起效的最低频率(每周2次),但有研究却提出,即使降为每周1次(65%~75%1 RM,8~12次/组,每次3组)也同样能够通过增强老年人肌肉力量,提升功能性体适能,达到预防肌肉衰减症的效果(Sousa et al.,2013)。因此,专家倡议(International Sarcopenia Initiative,ISI):1)肌肉衰减症运动干预有待标准化,以利于推广与横向比较;2)运动干预需要在特定的时间点(如4周、8周、3个月、6个月、1年等)进行肌肉衰减症的三维度检测以便纵向比较,临床上尽量以握力、SPPB、步速、TUG和STS等常用手段作为首选(Cruz-Jentoft et al.,2014)。此外,笔者建议还应加强运动干预的全程质量控制,提高依从率的同时确保运动干预效果落到实处。
4.5 替代运动方案需酌情考量
有研究提出,适当的体力活动(不受种类及形式限制)也能够“保护”老年人少受或免受肌肉衰减症的困扰,降低晚年罹患肌肉衰减症的概率(OR=0.45,95%CI:0.37,0.55,P<0.001)(Lee et al.,2018;Steffl et al.,2017)。Kemmler等(2012)也曾提出,将WBV或全身电刺激训练等作为抗阻运动的替代手段以应对肌肉衰减症。有鉴于此,今后在主张老年人群从事抗阻运动应对肌肉衰减症的同时,还应对于那些由于担心抗阻运动发生损伤而不愿参与或由于身体条件限制不能参与抗阻运动的肌肉衰减症人群,结合实际情况推荐一些可替代的治疗方案以供选择。
5 小结与展望
肌肉衰减症作为一种肌骨系统疾病已成为当前公共卫生领域一个热点问题,随着其内涵的不断深化,不再是老年人的专属病症。今后,肌肉质量(muscle quality)将是运动科学研究的新焦点与突破点,对深入认识肌肉衰减症具有重要意义。虽然抗阻运动作为当前最有效的应对手段得到广泛认可,但在开展肌肉衰减症的运动干预时仍有很多问题有待回答。如运动干预的剂量-效应关系如何?运动干预如何在遵从个性化原则的同时做到标准化?抗阻运动是否存在平台期瓶颈?停训后运动干预效果的最大时效能够持续多久?怎样科学合理地补充营养才能确保同运动干预产生正向协同效应?国际顶级医学期刊对肌肉衰减症的关注仅是其走向临床的开始,今后运动科学必将要同临床医学、老年医学以及康复医学等学科密切交叉,通过对现有共识的动态识解,才能以体医融合新模式预防、延缓或治疗肌肉衰减症,从而更好地为健康中国建设添助力。
参考文献:
杜艳萍,朱汉民,2014.肌少症的诊疗和防治研究[J].中华骨质疏松和骨矿盐疾病杂志,7(1):1-8.
高爱菊,刘晓娟,吕洁,等,2019.饮食和运动模式调整在老年肌少症患者中的效果评价[J].中国病案,20(6):107-109.
江婉婷,王兴,江志鹏,2017.国外肌肉衰减综合征的运动疗法研究热点与内容分析:基于科学知识图谱的可视化研究[J].体育科学,37(6):75-83.
李海鹏,刘宇,黄灵燕,等.2017a.EWGSOP共识在上海市70~79岁社区老年女性肌肉衰减症研究中的应用[J].中国运动医学杂志,36(6):506-512.
李海鹏,刘宇,黄灵燕,等,2017b.两种肌肉衰减症的国际共识在上海社区老年女性研究中的应用[J].中国体育科技,53(4):106-113.
李海鹏,卢健,陈彩珍,2007.Sarcopenia机制研究进展[J].体育科学,27(11):66-69.
李海鹏,田鹏,璩航,等,2018.SARC-F量表在快速简易诊断老年人肌肉衰减症研究中的应用[J].中国体育科技,54(2):105-110.
刘宇,彭千华,田石榴,2007.老年人肌力流失与肌肉疲劳的肌动图研究[J].体育科学,27(5):57-64.
孙建琴,张坚,常翠青,等,2015.肌肉衰减综合征营养与运动干预中国专家共识(节录)[J].营养学报,37(4):320-324.
王福彭,1997.肌肉减少症:新认识的疾病[J].世界科学,5:19-20.
吴夕,方悦,2019.强化营养联合抗阻运动对老年肌少症患者的影响[J].临床医药文献电子杂志,6(98):107-108.
杨则宜,焦颖,2019.老年肌肉减少症的认知和研究最新进展[J].北京体育大学学报,42(9):10-18.
中华医学会骨质疏松和骨矿盐疾病分会,2016.肌少症共识[J].中华骨质疏松和骨矿盐疾病杂志,9(3):215-227.
中华医学会老年医学分会,2017.肌肉衰减综合征中国专家共识(草案)[J].中华老年医学杂志,37(7):711-718.
中华医学会老年医学分会,2019.老年人肌少症口服营养补充中国专家共识(2019)[J].中华老年医学杂志,38(11):1193-1197.
BARBOSA-SILVA T G,MENEZES A M B,BIELEMANN R M,et al.,2016.Enhancing SARC-F:Improving sarcopenia screening in the clinical practice[J].JAm Med DirAssoc,17(12):1136-1141.
BAUMGARTNER R N,KOEHLER K M,GALLAGHER D,et al.,1998.Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico[J].Am J Epidemiol,147(8):755-763.
BEAUDART C,RIZZOLI R,BRUYÈRE O,et al.2014.Sarcopenia:Burden and challenges for public health[J].Arch Public Health,72(1):45.
BEAUDART C,ZAARIA M,PASLEAU F,et al.,2017.Health outcomes of sarcopenia:A systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Plos One,12(1):e0169548.
BECKWÉE D,DELAERE A,AELBRECHT S,et al.,2019.Exercise interventions for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia.A systematic umbrella review[J].J Nutr HealthAging,23(6):494-502.
BIANCHI L,MAIETTI E,ABETE P,et al.,2019.Comparing EWGSOP2 and FNIH sarcopenia definitions:Agreement and three-year survival prognostic value in older hospitalized adults.The GLISTEN study[J].J GerontolABiol Sci Med Sci,doi:10.1093/gerona/glz249.
BIJLSMAAY,MESKERS C G,LING C H,et al.,2013.Defining sarcopenia:The impact of different diagnostic criteria on the prevalence of sarcopenia in a large middle aged cohort[J].Age(Dordr),35(3):871-881.
BRUYÈRE O,BEAUDART C,LOCQUET M,et al.,2016.Sarcopenia as a public health problem[J].Eur Geriatr Med,7(3):272-275.
CAO L,MORLEY J E,2016.Sarcopenia is recognized as an independent condition by an international classification of disease,tenth revision,clinical modification(ICD-10-CM)Code[J].J Am Med Dir Assoc,17(8):675-677.
CERVANTES J M D C,HABACUC M C M,MONROY T R,2019.Effect of a resistance training program on sarcopenia and functionality of the older adults living in a nursing home[J].J Nutr Health Aging,23(9):829-836.
CHEN H T,WU H J,CHEN Y J,et al.,2018.Effects of 8-week kettlebell training on body composition,muscle strength,pulmonary function,and chronic low-grade inflammation in elderly women with sarcopenia[J].Exp Gerontol,112:112-118.
CHEN L K,LIU L K,WOO J,et al.,2014.Sarcopenia in Asia:Consensus report of the Asian working group for sarcopenia[J].J Am Med DirAssoc,15(2):95-101.
CHEN L K,WOO J,ASSANTACHAI P,et al.,2020.Asian working group for sarcopenia:2019 consensus update on sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment[J].JAm Med DirAssoc,21(3):300-307.
CREPALDI G,MAGGI S,2005.Sarcopenia and osteoporosis:A hazardous duet[J].J Endocrinol Invest,28(10 suppl):66-68.
CRUZ-JENTOFT A J,BAEYENS J P,BAUER J M,et al.,2010.Sarcopenia:European consensus on definition and diagnosis:Report of the European working group on sarcopenia in older people[J].Age Ageing,39(4):412-423.
CRUZ-JENTOFT A J,BAHAT G,BAUER J,et al.,2019a.Sarcopenia:Revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis[J].Age Ageing,48(1):16-31.
CRUZ-JENTOFT A J,LANDI F,SCHNEIDER S M,et al.,2014.Prevalence of and interventions for sarcopenia in ageing adults:A systematic review.Report of the international sarcopenia Initiative(EWGSOP and IWGS)[J].AgeAgeing,43(6):748-759.
CRUZ-JENTOFTA J,SAYERAA,2019b.Sarcopenia[J].Lancet,393(10191):2636-2646.
DA S M,VOGT B P,REIS N,et al.,2019.Update of the European consensus on sarcopenia:What has changed in diagnosis and prevalence in peritoneal dialysis[J].Eur J Clin Nutr,73(8):1209-1211.
DAMANTI S,AZZOLINO D,RONCAGLIONE C,et al.,2019.Efficacy of nutritional interventions as stand-alone or synergistic treatments with exercise for the management of sarcopenia[J].Nutrients,doi:10.3390/nu11091991.
DE ALENCAR SILVA B,LIRA F S,ROSSI F E,et al.,2018.Elastic resistance training improved glycemic homeostasis,strength,and functionality in sarcopenic older adults:A pilot study[J].J Exerc Rehabil,14(6):1085-1091.
DE FREITAS M C,DE SOUZA P C,BATISTA V C,et al.,2019.Effects of linear versus nonperiodized resistance training on isometric force and skeletal muscle mass adaptations in sarcopenic older adults[J].J Ex-erc Rehabil,15(1):148-154.
DE FREITAS M M,DE OLIVEIRA V,GRASSI T,et al.,2020.Difference in sarcopenia prevalence and associated factors according to 2010 and 2018 European consensus(EWGSOP)in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus[J].Exp Gerontol,doi:10.1016/j.exger.2020.110835.
DE MELLO R,DALLA C R,GIOSCIA J,et al.,2019.Effects of physical exercise programs on sarcopenia management,dynapenia,and physical performance in the elderly:A systematic review of randomized clinical trials[J].JAging Res,doi:10.1155/2019/1959486.
DE SPIEGELEER A,BECKWEE D,BAUTMANS I,et al.,2018.Pharmacological interventions to improve muscle mass,muscle strength and physical performance in older people:An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses[J].Drugs Aging,35(8):719-734.
DELMONICO M J,HARRIS T B,LEE J S,et al.,2007.Alternative definitions of sarcopenia,lower extremity performance,and functional impairment with aging in older men and women[J].J Am Geriatr Soc,55(5):769-774.
DENISON H J,COOPER C,SAYER A A,et al.,2015.Prevention and optimal management of sarcopenia:A review of combined exercise and nutrition interventions to improve muscle outcomes in older people[J].Clin IntervAging,10:859-869.
DOS SANTOS L,CYRINO E S,ANTUNES M,et al.,2017.Sarcopenia and physical independence in older adults:The independent and synergic role of muscle mass and muscle function[J].J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle,8(2):245-250.
FIELDING R A,VELLAS B,EVANS W J,et al.,2011.Sarcopenia:An undiagnosed condition in older adults.Current consensus definition:Prevalence,etiology,and consequences.International working group on sarcopenia[J].JAm Med DirAssoc,12(4):249-256.
HAJAOUI M,LOCQUET M,BEAUDART C,et al.,2019.Sarcopenia:Performance of the SARC-F questionnaire according to the European consensus criteria,EWGSOP1 and EWGSOP2[J].J Am Med DirAssoc,20(9):1182-1183.
HASSAN B H,HEWITT J,KEOGH J W,et al.,2016.Impact of resistance training on sarcopenia in nursing care facilities:A pilot study[J].Geriatr Nurs,37(2):116-121.
JANSSEN I,BAUMGARTNER R N,ROSS R,et al.,2004a.Skeletal muscle cutpoints associated with elevated physical disability risk in older men and women[J].Am J Epidemiol,159(4):413-421.
JANSSEN I,HEYMSFIELD S B,ROSS R,2002.Low relative skeletal muscle mass(Sarcopenia)in older persons is associated with functional impairment and physical disability[J].J Am Geriatr Soc,50(5):889-896.
JANSSEN I,SHEPARD D S,KATZMARZYK P T,et al.,2004b.The healthcare costs of sarcopenia in the United States[J].J Am Geriatr Soc,52(1):80-85.
JUNG W S,KIM Y Y,PARK H Y,2019.Circuit training improvements in korean women with sarcopenia[J].Percept Mot Skills,126(5):828-842.
KEMMLER W,VON STENGEL S,2012.Alternative exercise technologies to fight against sarcopenia at old age:A series of studies and review[J].JAging Res,doi:10.1155/2012/109013.
KIM M,WON C W,2019.Prevalence of sarcopenia in communitydwelling older adults using the definition of the European working group on sarcopenia in older people2:Findings from the Korean frailty and aging cohort study[J].AgeAgeing,48(6):910-916.
LAURETANI F,RUSSO C R,BANDINELLI S,et al.,2003.Age-associated changes in skeletal muscles and their effect on mobility:An operational diagnosis of sarcopenia[J].JAppl Physiol,95(5):1851-1860.
LEE S Y,TUNG H H,LIU C Y,et al.,2018.Physical activity and sarcopenia in the geriatric population:A systematic review[J].J Am Med DirAssoc,19(5):378-383.
LEE W J,LIU L K,PENG L N,et al.,2013.Comparisons of sarcopenia defined by IWGS and EWGSOP criteria among older people:Results from the I-Lan longitudinal aging study[J].J Am Med Dir Assoc,14(7):521-528.
LOCQUET M,BEAUDART C,PETERMANS J,et al.,2019.EWGSOP2 versus EWGSOP1:Impact on the prevalence of sarcopenia and its major health consequences[J].J Am Med Dir Assoc,20(3):384-385.
LOCQUET M,BEAUDART C,REGINSTER J Y,et al.,2018.Comparison of the performance of five screening methods for sarcopenia[J].Clin Epidemiol,10:71-82.
LUO D,LIN Z,LI S,et al.,2017.Effect of nutritional supplement combined with exercise intervention on sarcopenia in the elderly:A meta-analysis[J].Int J Nurs Sci,4(4):389-401.
MALMSTROM T K,MILLER D K,SIMONSICK E M,et al.,2016.SARC-F:A symptom score to predict persons with sarcopenia at risk for poor functional outcomes[J].J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle,7(1):28-36.
MARUYA K,ASAKAWA Y,ISHIBASHI H,et al.,2016.Effect of a simple and adherent home exercise program on the physical function of community dwelling adults sixty years of age and older with presarcopenia or sarcopenia[J].J Phys Ther Sci,28(11):3183-3188.
MATTHEWS G D,HUANG C L,SUN L,et al.,2011.Translational musculoskeletal science:Is sarcopenia the next clinical target after osteoporosis[J].Ann N YAcad Sci,1237:95-105.
MILLER R M,HEISHMAN A D,FREITAS E,et al.,2018.Comparing the acute effects of intermittent and continuous whole-body vibration exposure on neuromuscular and functional measures in sarcopenia and nonsarcopenic elderly women[J].Dose Response,doi:10.1177/1559325818797009.
MIYAZAKI R,TAKESHIMA T,KOTANI K,2016.Exercise intervention for anti-sarcopenia in community-dwelling older people[J].J Clin Med Res,8(12):848-853.
MOLNÁR A,JÓNÁSNÉ SZTRUHÁR I,CSONTOS Á A,et al.,2016.Special nutrition intervention is required for muscle protective efficacy of physical exercise in elderly people at highest risk of sarcopenia[J].Physiol Int,103(3):368-376.
MOORE S A,HRISOS N,ERRINGTON L,et al.,2020.Exercise as a treatment for sarcopenia:An umbrella review of systematic review evidence[J].Physiotherapy,107:189-201.
MORLEY J E,ABBATECOLAA M,ARGILES J M,et al.,2011.Sarcopenia with limited mobility:An international consensus[J].J Am Med DirAssoc,12(6):403-409.
MUSCARITOLI M,ANKER S D,ARGILES J,et al.,2010.Consensus definition of sarcopenia,cachexia and pre-cachexia:Joint document elaborated by special interest groups(SIG)“cachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases”and“nutrition in geriatrics”[J].Clin Nutr,29(2):154-159.
NEWMAN A B,KUPELIAN V,VISSER M,et al.,2003.Sarcopenia:Alternative definitions and associations with lower extremity function[J].JAm Geriatr Soc,51(11):1602-1609.
PACIFICO J,GEERLINGS M A J,REIJNIERSE E M,et al.,2020.Prevalence of sarcopenia as a comorbid disease:A systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Exp Gerontol,doi:10.1016/j.exger.2019.110801.
PETERMANN-ROCHA F,CHEN M,GRAY S R,et al.,2020.New versus old guidelines for sarcopenia classification:What is the impact on prevalence and health outcomes[J].Age Ageing,49(2):300-304.
PHU S,BOERSMA D,DUQUE G,2015.Exercise and sarcopenia[J].J Clin Densitom,18(4):488-492.
PIASTRA G,PERASSO L,LUCARINI S,et al.,2018.Effects of two types of 9-month adapted physical activity program on muscle mass,muscle strength,and balance in moderate sarcopenic older women[J].Biomed Res Int,doi:10.1155/2018/5095673.
REISS J,IGLSEDER B,ALZNER R,et al.,2019.Consequences of applying the new EWGSOP2 guideline instead of the former EWGSOP guideline for sarcopenia case finding in older patients[J].Age Ageing,48(5):719-724.
ROSENBERG I H,1997.Sarcopenia:Origins and clinical relevance[J].J Nutr,127(5 suppl):990S-991S.
ROUBENOFF R,CASTANEDA C,2001.Sarcopenia-understanding the dynamics of aging muscle[J].JAMA,286(10):1230-1231.
SAEKI C,TAKANO K,OIKAWAT,et al.,2019.Comparative assessment of sarcopenia using the JSH,AWGS,and EWGSOP2 criteria and the relationship between sarcopenia,osteoporosis,and osteosarcopenia in patients with liver cirrhosis[J].BMC Musculoskel Dis,doi:10.1186/s12891-019-2983-4.
SAYERAA,2010.Sarcopenia[J].BMJ,341:c4097.
SGRÒ P,SANSONE M,SANSONE A,et al.,2019.Physical exercise,nutrition and hormones:Three pillars to fight sarcopenia[J].Aging Male,22(2):75-88.
SOUSA N,MENDES R,ABRANTES C,et al.,2013.Is once-weekly resistance training enough to prevent sarcopenia[J].J Am Geriatr Soc,61(8):1423-1424.
STEFFL M,BOHANNON R W,SONTAKOVA L,et al.,2017.Relationship between sarcopenia and physical activity in older people:A systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Clin IntervAging,12:835-845.
STUDENSKI S,2015.Update on definitions of sarcopenia[J].J Frailty Aging,4(4):173-174.
STUDENSKI S A,PETERS K W,ALLEY D E,et al.,2014.The FNIH sarcopenia project:Rationale,study description,conference recommendations,and final estimates[J].J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci,69(5):547-558.
TSEKOURA M,BILLIS E,TSEPIS E,et al.,2018.The effects of group and home-based exercise programs in elderly with sarcopenia:A randomized controlled trial[J].J Clin Med,doi:10.3390/jcm7120480.
VIKBERG S,SORLEN N,BRANDEN L,et al.,2019.Effects of resistance training on functional strength and muscle mass in 70-year-old individuals with pre-sarcopenia:A randomized controlled trial[J].J Am Med DirAssoc,20(1):28-34.
VLIETSTRA L,HENDRICKX W,WATERS D L,2018.Exercise interventions in healthy older adults with sarcopenia:A systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Australas JAgeing,37(3):169-183.
WEN X,WANG M,JIANG C,et al.,2011.Are current definitions of sarcopenia applicable for older Chinese adults[J].J Nutr Health Aging,15(10):847-851.
YAKABE M,HOSOI T,AKISHITA M,et al.,2020.Updated concept of sarcopenia based on muscle-bone relationship[J].J Bone Miner Metab,38(1):7-13.
YAMADA M,KIMURA Y,ISHIYAMA D,et al.,2019.Synergistic effect of bodyweight resistance exercise and protein supplementation on skeletal muscle in sarcopenic or dynapenic older adults[J].Geriatr Gerontol Int,19(5):429-437.
YANG L,YAO XM,SHEN J,et al.,2020.Comparison of revised EWGSOP criteria and four other diagnostic criteria of sarcopenia in Chinese community-dwelling elderly residents[J].Exp Gerontol,doi:10.1016/j.exger.2019.110798.
ZDZIEBLIK D,OESSER S,BAUMSTARK M W,et al.,2015.Collagen peptide supplementation in combination with resistance training improves body composition and increases muscle strength in elderly sarcopenic men:A randomised controlled trial[J].Br J Nutr,114(8):1237-1245.
ZENG Y,HU X,XIE L,et al.,2018.The prevalence of sarcopenia in Chinese elderly nursing home residents:A comparison of 4 diagnostic criteria[J].JAm Med DirAssoc,19(8):690-695.
ZHU L Y,CHAN R,KWOK T,et al.,2019.Effects of exercise and nutrition supplementation in community-dwelling older Chinese people with sarcopenia:A randomized controlled trial[J].Age Ageing,48(2):220-228.
ZHUANG C,SHEN X,ZOU H,et al.,2019.EWGSOP2 versus EWGSOP1 for sarcopenia to predict prognosis in patients with gastric cancer after radical gastrectomy:Analysis from a large-scale prospective study[J].Clin Nutr,doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2019.10.024.
Dynamic Understanding of Sarcopenia and Its Enlightenment to Exercise Science Research in China
LI Haipeng1,LIU Yu2*
1.Zhejiang University of Technology,Hangzhou 310014,China;2.Shanghai University of Sport,Shanghai 200438,China
Abstract:As a major public health problem,the connotation of sarcopenia had gone through four developmental stages of“new concept foundation-single dimensional diagnosis-three-dimensional consensus-upgrade new consensus”in the past thirty years,and six international consensuses were released,i.e.,EWGSOP,AWGS,FNIH,IWGS,SSCWD and ESPEN-SIG.The first two consensuses were updated in 2019 and released their new edition named EWGSOP2 and AWGS(2019),respectively.At the same time,sarcopenia was included by the International Classification of Disease(ICD-10-CM)and some modifications were made as follows:the diagnostic criteria changed from“single dimension of muscle mass”to“three dimensions of muscle mass,muscle strength and physical performance”;three stages changed from“pre-sarcopenia-sarcopenia-severe sarcopenia”to“possible sarcopenia-confirmed sarcopenia-severe sarcopenia”;the diagnostic algorithms was replaced“gait speed-handgrip strength-muscle mass”by“F-A-C-S”;the addition of SARC-F scale and SarQoL® questionnaire;emphasized muscle strength dimension;modification for diagnostic index and cut-off points.EWGSOP2 consensus had positive implications for leading sarcopenia to the clinic,due to its reduction on the dependence of DXA detection and its high predictive value for clinical outcomes and 3-year mortality,although its consistency with other consensus was not ideal.Current studies had shown that exercise is an effective method to treat sarcopenia,among which,resistance training was the most effective choice.However,the effect of the combination of exercise and nutrition on sarcopenia treatment was controversial.Thus,it was suggested that our researchers should conduct further research by focusing on the expert consensus,exercise intervention norms,standardization and alternative programs on the basis of dynamic understanding multiple consensus,so as to promote“Healthy China”with the new model of exercise medicine integration.
Keywords:sarcopenia;consensus;dynamic understanding;interventional research;exercise intervention
页:
[1]