福师《大学英语（2）》第四课拓展资源
福师《大学英语（2）》第四课拓展资源议论文
Argumentation
议论文是非常常见的文体，是一种采取说理与论证的方法来阐明作者观点的文体。它的目的是说服读者赞成、同意某种观点并愿意为之采取行动。论点、论据和论证是议论文一般具有的三大要素。论点是作者要阐述和说明的立场和观点，一般体现在段落的主题句中；论据是作者用来证明论点的依据，即通过事实、道理和例证来证明论点；论证是用论据来证明论点的过程和方法。
议论文写作中需要注意的事项如下。
（1） 论点明确。
一篇议论文的论点是文章的灵魂，所以论点要明确，不能泛泛而谈。一篇英语文章一般只有一个主题或一个论点。论点一般出现在主题句中。所以，在写作中，主题句是作文的重点。写作时要确保文章的主题明确，前后一致，并且一个好的主题句不应该太窄，也不可以太宽泛。比如，下列的主题句都属于应该改进的主题句。
① There is much to say about any problem. （主题句所阐述的主题不明确）
② I love my dog's brown hair. （主题句所阐述的主题太窄）
③ One needs to know how to write a good outline. （主题句所阐述的主题太宽泛）
下面是经过改进的主题句。
① There is much to say about the problem of unemployment.
② I love my dog because her appearance, her attitude towards me, and her playful spirit.
③ Six steps in writing a good outline should be kept in mind.
（2）论据要充分。
充分和有力的论证是使得议论文有说服力所必需的。论据一般分为事实论据和理论论据。提供论据的原则是为文章主题服务。
（3）论证要清晰和严密。
证明论点的过程和方法就是所谓的“论证”，是文章的主体。开展论证有各种不同的方法，下面列出的是常用的方法。
① 列举法（Enumeration）。一般在主题句之后，依次罗列段落指示词所表达的几个部分或几个方面，然后选用丰富的事例对所罗列的各个部分进行具体说明或解释。例如：
This book will have a major impact on both politics and economy in China.
In politics, ...
In economy, ...
② 例证法（Exemplification）。所谓例证法就是通过列举事实来证明某观点的正确性。例证法往往是需要和其他的论证方法相结合的。在使用这种方法时，可以套用下列句型：
We may cite a single example of ...
We may quote a common example of ...
To illustrate ... in question, we can cite many examples ...
③ 分析法（Analysis）。分析法指针对某一社会现象、某一问题找出原因或解决之道。例如针对青少年犯罪的社会现象分析原因：
There are mainly two causes of this problem — the negative influence of mass media and young people's tendency to be rebellious.
There are several ways to prevent the youth from committing crimes.
④ 比较对照法（Comparison and Contrast）。在这种主题论证方法中，作者分别列出某事物或观点的优点和缺点，在这种比较对照中得出某种结论，以支持或反对某观点或事物。在使用这种方法时，可以套用下列句型：
By contrast, it is also important to note that ...
Although A enjoys considerable advantage of ... it cannot compete with B in ...
Every coin has two sides.
Every rose has its thorns.
Don't throw the baby away with the bath water.
（4） 从文章整体角度来看，要保持主题统一和结构衔接紧密（Unity & Coherence）。
在整个文章的写作过程中，要在注意论据充分的基础上保证相关性，使得论据为证明论点服务，不跑题（digress）。另外，在论述过程中，段落之间的衔接和段落内的衔接都必须紧密。为保证这一点，可采用相应的方法，如使用并列平行形式（parallel）和使用连接词（transitional expressions）——first of all, then, finally, for instance, but, nevertheless, therefore, consequently等。
Sample：
The Influence of Advertising
There is no agreement among people as to the issue of advertisement. Some people say that advertising misleads us. Others say that advertisements tell us about new products that may improve our lives. As to me, I am on the first side of the argument. The following examples can prove my standpoint.
To illustrate, there are many advertisements about the same product. Every advertisement says the product is the best one. There are some advantages in their products we cannot find in others. Is it true? Which advertisement can we believe?
As another instance, the advertisement on TV makes us pay more attention to the appearance of the products. On TV, we can see the perfect outside only. The advertisement says it is good, and then we believe it. Sometimes, we watch the advertisement on TV and then make a phone call to order the goods just because it is good-looking. When we get the commodity, we find it's a waste of money.
If one more example is needed, I could mention an advertisement that I used to watch on TV. It's a medicine alleged to help people lose weight. Many movie stars said the medicine was so effective that they lost 3 or 4 pounds in one week after taking it. It made many women try it, but the only rewarding result was that they spent money. Can we believe in the advertisement?
Given the examples I have just outlined, I can only say that we should pay attention to the advertisement on TV. Do not be deceived by it. Not all of them are useful to us. Please believe your own judgment. 首先这篇文章论点明确。在第一段中先提出两种关于广告的观点，然后明确自己的观点：“As to me, I am on the first side of the argument.”。
其次，在论证的过程中，这篇文章的论据丰富。三个例子分别从三个角度来支持自己的观点：① “To illustrate, there are many advertisements about the same product.”；② “As another instance, the advertisement on TV makes us pay more attention to the appearance of the products.”；③ “If one more example is needed, I could mention an advertisement that I used to watch on TV.”。这样的一个论证过程清晰并且严密，采用了列举和例证等论证方法，使得文章主题统一且结构衔接紧密。
最后，文章根据前文的论证得出结论，即：“I can only say that we should pay attention to the advertisement on TV. Do not be deceived by it.”， 照应了第一段的主题。文章最后还根据自己的观点提出了应对广告的方法，即：“Do not be deceived by it. Not all of them are useful to us. Please believe your own judgment.”。 这些都使得其是一篇观点明确、论证充分、比较有说服力的议论文。 本内容由奥鹏易百网整理发布
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