福师《大学英语（2）》第二课拓展资源
福师《大学英语（2）》第二课拓展资源记叙文
Narration
记叙文是以记人叙事为主要内容、以叙述为主要表达方式的文章。它的基本特点就是陈述过程，通常以记叙和描写为主，是叙述人们的经历或事物发展变化过程的一种表达方式。记叙文一般具有时间、地点、人物、事件、原因和结果6个要素，其目的是回答what, who, how, when, where, why等问题。英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一人称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者，使人读后感到真实可信，如身临其境。叙述的线索有以下5种。
（1）以时间为线索，按时间的顺序来展开。
（2）以地点为线索，以地点的转移为顺序来展开。
（3）以事件发展的过程为线索，或以人物出现的先后次序来展开。
（4）以事物的象征意义为线索来展开。
（5）以人物的思想行为及认知的过程为线索来展开。
叙述的语言特点以一般过去时为主，其他各种时态为辅，合理使用丰富多彩的谓语动词时态。 叙述时多用动词，特别是动态强的行为动词， 以及直接引语。写作顺序可以采用“顺叙”、“倒叙”和“穿插叙述”的方法。 1. 记叙文的写作要求
（1）提供一定的情景或背景。
（2）提供足够数量的生动、真切的细节。
（3）理顺叙事的步骤。
（4）叙述者观察事物发展的角度必须一致。 2. 记叙文写作的注意事项
（1）主题鲜明，内容清楚。文章中的故事应有头有尾，要写出事情的发生、发展、变化及结束的过程。确切地说，在记叙时要把与一件事物有关的时间、地点、人物、原因等因素交代清楚。
（2）层次分明，有条有理。记叙时要有开头、正文及结尾。有时涉及几个人或几件事，一件事往往牵涉到相关的次要事情；有时一件大事中还包括几件小事，这就要对记叙的事情做出分析，分清主线和副线，并围绕主线安排副线。
（3）详略得当，主次适宜。记叙事情时，要注意主题鲜明突出、清楚具体，内容感人深刻。写人时，要抓住典型事例、典型行动和表现。对中心事件和最能表现中心思想的地方，要详细叙述；而对次要的东西，要少写或不写。选材要注意取舍，应该从表现文章主题的需要出发，分清主次，突出重点，详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节，略写粗述那些非关键的次要情节。
3.记叙文的分类
叙述文大致可分为以下3类。
1）以记人为主的记叙文
即以人物为中心组织材料，围绕这个人物可以写一件事，也可写几件事。这类记叙文应注意肖像描写、行动描写、语言描写、心理描写及细节描写，突出重点。一般是通过人物行为、活动的几个片断或不同的侧面来写，有时也可以通过一个完整的事件来写。
Sample 1
Mark Twain(1835－1910), one of the best known American writers in the nineteenth century, was born in Missouri in the middle part of the United States.
Mark Twain's hometown lay on the banks of the Mississippi River, where he spent his childhood. When he grew up he worked as a sailor on a riverboat for some time. Mark Twain was his pen name.
Mark Twain wrote a lot of novels, one of which is The Adventure of Tom Sawyer, the masterpiece which brought him fame and honor. Some of his writings have been translated into many languages. He and his works are deeply loved by readers throughout the world. 本文为人物简介，共分三段，层层深入地把马克·吐温一生的重大事件表达得清清楚楚。文章的时态主要用过去时，最后两句与现在有关，因此用了现在完成时和一般现在时。
2）以写事为主的记叙文
即以事件为中心组织材料，主要是交代事件的发生、发展和前因、后果。这类记叙文应注意叙述顺序及事件的相对完整性，要围绕中心事件，把握好事件的开端、发展、高潮和结局。文章的着眼点在事件的过程中。
Sample 2
It was fine on April 8, 2008. That day all the students in our class went to the suburb of our city to plant trees.
On arriving at the planting place at 8 o'clock, the teacher asked each of us to plant 5 trees at least. Then we set about digging, planting and watering. All of us were going all out to finish our task, afraid of falling behind. Among us, our monitor set a good example to us. In spite of his illness, he accepted his task and finished it ahead of time. Then he went on to help others without a little rest. After work, he was wet all over. He looked pale, but he was full of joy. Looking at the lines of the young trees, we smiled pleasantly, forgetting our tiredness. 本文记叙了2008年4月8日植树的情况，因此全文用过去时。第一段交代清楚这次活动的时间、地点和参加的人员，第二段叙述了植树过程。
3）以写景状物为主的记叙文
把景和物作为主要的记叙对象，作者笔下的景物，不仅生动逼真地再现出客观的景物，还能表现一定的主题思想，表现作者自己的信念、情趣和人格。
Sample 3
Gulangyu is an island separated from Xiamen city. It's like a garden on the water. The shade of the trees covers nearly the whole island. Cars, buses, bikes are not allowed to drive there. Everyone should walk. This makes the place very quiet so that music played by the piano or the violin can be heard here and there.
The Sunshine Rock is the highest place on the island, so it has become the symbol of Gulangyu. Standing at the top of the Sunshine Rock, one can see the landscape of the whole Xiamen and other small islands. The sky and the sea meet on the horizon. It's said that people can see clearly the Jinmen Island through telescope on a sunny day.
At the foot of the Sunshine Rock is a beautiful garden.No.44 Bridge spans over the water like a white dragon. What a beautiful picture!
Such is Gulangyu, a fairyland in the world. 本文采用先总后分的写法对鼓浪屿进行了描写。第一段总的介绍其地理位置与特点。第二、三段采取由上到下或由高向低的顺序进行描述：第二段写由该岛最高处俯瞰全城的情景；第三段写山脚下的花园美景。最后，作者用一句话总括全文：鼓浪屿是人间仙境。 本内容由奥鹏易百网整理发布
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