福师《语言与文化》第一章
福师《语言与文化》第一章FAQ一、Factors Affecting Face-to-Face Intracultrual Verbal Communication
1)行为源(behavior source):即发送者,这是指发送信息的主体,它可以是个人、群体、组织、国家。
2)编码(encoding):发话者组织信息的内心活动,即发话者选择一定的语言和非语言符号,将它们根据所选用的语言的语法和句法规则,依据一定的思维方式组合。
3)信息(message):能够传递并能被接受者的感觉器官所接受的刺激。
4)渠道 (channel):信息得以传递的物理手段和媒介,是联结发送者和接收者的桥梁。
5)反应者(responder):对发话者的信息作出反应的一方。
6)译码(decoding):反应者对发话者的信息进行解析的内心活动。
7)反应(response):接收者有意或无意对信息采取的行动。
8)反馈(feedback):接收者把自己的信息加以编码,通过某种渠道回传给信息发送者。
9)其他因素(other factors):
性别(sex);
年龄(age);
性格(characteristics );
职业(occupation);
社会地位(social status);
知识结构(educational background);
生活经历(life experience);
当时意图(the purpose of speaking just at the moment of communication);
当时心境(the mood at the time of communication);
当时身份(the identity of the communicators at the moment of communication);
时间(time of the communication);
地点(place of the communication);
场合(settings of the communication)。
二、交际的类型( Classifications of Communication)
criteria
交际类型
By the use of Symbols
(1) verbal
(2) nonverbal
By the presence of an intermediator
(1) direct
(2) indirect
By the presence of feedback
(1)two-way
(2) one-way
By the number of responders
(1)one/group-to-one (2)one/group-to-group
By the presence of fixed responder(s)
(1)directed (2)nondirected
By the presence of source's intention
(1)intentional (2)unintentional
By the presence of receiver's intention
(1)Active
(2)passive
By the time when response if made or feedback is received
(1)simultaneous (2)nonsimultaneous
三、Properties of Culture
Culture is human specific.
Culture is a social phenomenon.
Culture is a national phenomenon.
Culture is a historical phenomenon.
Culture is general and abstract.
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